Using artificial intelligence (AI)

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, is not recognised as a form of authorship and does not meet the criteria for authorship. Authorship implies responsibility for the content of the scientific work, which cannot be attributed to AI. The use of LLMs must be appropriately reflected in the text of the manuscript. However, there is no need to separately declare the use of LLMs (or other AI tools) for "AI-assisted language editing"—the refinement of human-authored texts to improve readability, stylistic quality, or to correct grammatical, spelling, punctuation, and stylistic errors. Such edits may include changes in wording and formatting, but do not encompass generative editorial work or autonomous content creation. In all cases, the authors bear responsibility for the final text and must confirm that the changes made reflect their original work.