CHILD-FRIENDLY CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: WHAT IS THE WAY FORWARD?
The aim of this study is to identify the individual elements of the mechanism for safeguarding children’s rights, which, taken together and in combination, are designed to ensure child-friendly criminal proceedings. It has been established that it is important to act in the best interests of the child. And this is not merely a matter of complying with the requirements of current legislation, although this aspect is by no means insignificant, nor is the quality of regulatory provisions. The author argues that the focus is, first and foremost, on creating a child-friendly environment (both for the child in conflict with the law (suspect, accused) and for those in contact with them (witnesses, victims)) in the sense of a properly equipped room in accordance with established requirements and the coordinated work of a multidisciplinary team that provides the necessary psychological, medical and other assistance as soon as required (even around the clock). It has been established that this also involves the coordinated joint activity of such a team with the child’s legal representative and defence counsel during investigative (criminal) proceedings involving the child and, more generally, during procedural actions. The aim was to examine the three components of a comprehensive mechanism for the protection of children’s rights and to develop recommendations for the legislator, the pre-trial investigation body and the prosecutor regarding the provision of genuinely child-friendly criminal proceedings. To achieve this, a sample, the case study method, as well as terminological, dialectical and logical methods were employed. It has been established that a theoretical and legal framework such as the mechanism for protecting children’s rights comprises several elements, three of which (legislation; the creation of a child-friendly environment and the involvement of members of a multidisciplinary team, such as the ‘Barnahus’ model; and ensuring the presence and active participation of parties to criminal proceedings, without whom such proceedings should not be conducted in relation to children, and which make it child-friendly) have been formulated into the author’s recommendations, which, together with the findings of fellow researchers and the shortcomings identified in judicial practice, should form a proper foundation for further legislative steps and their implementation in the practical investigation of criminal offences. The findings of the study contribute to the advancement of academic theory and will also be of use to practitioners conducting investigations involving children. References 1. 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Children are involved in various tasks: photographing the locations of military personnel and equipment, filming missile strikes, etc]. Retrieved from: https://justtalk.com.ua/post/ditina-uchasnik-zbrojnogo- konfliktu-verbuvannya-vidpovidalnist-reintegratsiya [in Ukrainian]. 14. Litvinenko, O.G. (2023). Dosudove rozsliduvannia shchodo nepovnolitnoho pidozriuvanoho: monohrafiia. [Pre-trial investigation of a minor suspect: monograph]. Kyiv: VD ‘Dakor’. [in Ukrainian]. 15. Metodychni rekomendatsii shchodo orhanizatsii roboty z ditmy za metodykoiu «Zelena kimnata» dlia slidchykh ta yuvenalnykh politseiskykh (2021). [Methodological recommendations for working with children using the Green Room method for investigators and juvenile police officers]. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/media/16976/file/Green%20Room%20Methodology%20for%20Police %20Offciers.pdf [in Ukrainian]. 16. Model «Barnakhus» i vprovadzhennia v Ukraini. 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Ostatochnyi zvit: «Zakhyst ditei vid seksualnoi ekspluatatsii ta nasylstva, otsinka dotsilnosti pilotuvannia modeli «Barnakhus» v Ukraini». [Project ‘Combating violence against vulnerable groups (women and children) in Ukraine’. Final report: ‘Protecting children from sexual exploitation and violence, assessing the feasibility of piloting the Barnahus model in Ukraine’], January 2018. [in Ukrainian]. 23. Pchelina, O. V., Fomina, T. H. (2025) Child-Friendly Justice: International Legal Guidelines and National Challenges. Law and Safety, 99(4), 101–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2025.4.08 [in Ukrainian]. 24. Rohalska, V. V., Bronevytska, O. M. (2023) Povnovazhennia slidchoho suddi u kryminalnomu provadzhenni pid chas provedennia okremykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh dii). [Powers of the investigating judge in criminal proceedings during the conduct of individual investigators conducting individual investigative (search) actions)]. Legalposition, 3 (40), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.32782/2521-6473.2023- 3.32 [in Ukrainian]. 25. Roskosna, N. G.(2021). Mediatsiia v kontseptsii vidnovnoho pravosuddia : dys. … d-ra filosofii : 081. [Mediation in the concept of restorative justice: dissertation ... Doctor of Philosophy]. Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian]. 26. Savchenko, G.V., Maslyuk, A.M., & Farafonova, A.O. (2020). Metodychni materialy do treninhu «Psykholohichni osoblyvosti spilkuvannia z malolitnimy / nepovnolitnimy uchasnykamy sudovoho protsesu». [Methodological materials for the training “Psychological features of communication with minors/juvenile participants in the judicial process”]. Kyiv: Abris Print LLC. 40 p. [in Ukrainian]. 27. Sirotkina, M. V. (2021). Teoriia ta praktyka realizatsii prava na kompromis u kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy. dys. d.iu.n., spets. 12.00.09. Kyiv: NAVS, Nauk.-dosl. instytut publichnoho prava. [Theory and practice of exercising the right to compromise in criminal proceedings in Ukraine. Doctoral dissertation, specialisation 12.00.09. Kyiv: National Academy of Internal Affairs, Scientific Research Institute of Public Law] [in Ukrainian]. 28. Fomina, T. H. (2022). Mediatsiia u kryminalnomu provadzhenni: novely zakonodavstva ta perspektyvy yoho vdoskonalennia. [Mediation in criminal proceedings: novelties of legislation and prospects for its improvement]. Law and Safety, 1(84), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.32631/pb. 2022.1.11. [in Ukrainian]. 29. Chervinko, M. V. (2021, August, 20–21) Analiz stanu dotrymannia mizhnarodnykh standartiv pravosuddia, druzhnoho do ditei, sudamy m. Lvova. Problemy ta stan dotrymannia i zakhystu prav liudyny v Ukraini : materialy Mizhnar.nauk.-prakt.konf., 20-21 serp. 2021 r. Lviv : Zakhidnoukrainska orhanizatsiia «Tsentr pravnychykh initsiatyv». [Analysis of compliance with international standards of child-friendly justice by courts in Lviv. Problems and status of compliance with and protection of human rights in Ukraine: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Lviv: Western Ukrainian Organisation ‘Centre for Legal Initiatives’, Pp. 85–89. http://journal-app.uzhnu.edu.ua/article/view/308834/300366 [in Ukrainian]. 30. Chervinko, M. V. (2023). Pravove ta orhanizatsiino-taktychne zabezpechennia kryminalnoho provadzhennia, druzhnoho do dytyny. Dys. dokt. filosofii (081 – Pravo). Lvivskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav. [Legal and organisational-tactical support for child-friendly criminal proceedings. Doctor of Philosophy thesis (081 – Law)]. Lviv State University of Internal Affairs, Lviv. [in Ukrainian]. 31. Bohdan, V. Shchur, & Iryna V. Basysta (2022). Sudove provadzhennia u rezhymi videokonferentsii ta transliatsiia z inshoho prymishchennia, u tomu chysli, yake znakhodytsia poza mezhamy prymishchennia sudu: okremi pidkhody do rozuminnia ta problemy realizatsii. [Court proceeding in a video-conference mode and broadcasting it from other rooms, including those outside the court premises: specific approaches for understanding and the problems of implementation]. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, (3), 242-267. https://doi.org/10.31359/jnalsu.29(3), 242-267 [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Iryna Basysta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERSONAL SEARCH IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: PROCEDURAL AND TACTICAL ASPECTS
The article is devoted to one of the little-studied types of search in criminal proceedings, which is a personal search. The article examines the norms of the current criminal procedural legislation, which regulate the conduct of a personal search. Scientific publications on the practice of its implementation were also analyzed. In particular, from the procedural and tactical point of view, two types of personal search are analyzed: 1) search of a person who is in a residence or other property (Part 5 of Article 236 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine); 2) search of a person detained on suspicion of committing a criminal offense (Articles 207, 208 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). Attention is drawn to numerous violations of procedural regulations and the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. This gives rise to the submission of motions and complaints (appellate, cassational) by the defense in court regarding the recognition of the received evidence as improper and inadmissible. The aim is to determine the order of procedural and tactical actions of authorized officials in typical situations of conducting a personal search. As a result, a legitimate order of procedural and tactical actions during personal searches of people who are lawfully present or accidentally found themselves in the premises where the search is being conducted has been proposed. . It is noted that the search of a person detained in accordance with Article 208 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine is not a separate investigative (search) action, but only a mandatory element of a measure to ensure criminal proceedings. Such a measure is the detention of the suspect without the decision of the investigating judge, the court. In the conditions of the need to immediately stop a criminal offense and prevent harm to life, health or property of people, the specified actions of authorized officials should be considered as urgent. It is concluded that in order to avoid violations of procedural regulations and the rights of participants in criminal proceedings, it is necessary to develop clear standards and procedures that are understandable for law enforcement officers. They should describe in detail the algorithms of procedural and tactical actions of authorized officials in typical situations of conducting a personal search, as well as the mechanisms of interaction between various law enforcement agencies, services and units. Such provisions will be an additional guarantee of compliance with the provisions of the law and compliance with the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. References 1. Matvieieva, L.H. (2020) Nalezhna pravova protsedura ta pravovi standarty Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny [Due process and legal standards of the European Court of Human Rights]. Visnyk penitentsiarnoi asotsiatsii Ukrainy. No. 4(14). 54-64. DOI: 10.34015/2523-4552.2020.4.05 [in Ukrainian]. 2. Hvozdiuk, V.V. (2021) Taktyka provedennia obshuku z urakhuvanniam praktyky Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny [Search tactics taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights]. Naukovyi visnyk publichnoho ta pryvatnoho prava. Vypusk 4, 206-211. DOI https://doi.org/10.32844/2618-1258.2021.4.36 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Vira Mykhailenko, suddia-spiker VAKS (2020). Mif №5: Obshuk provodytsia vykliuchno za uchastiu advokata [Myth No.5: The search is conducted exclusively with the participation of a lawyer]. URL: https://hcac.court.gov.ua/hcac/pres-centr/news/934677/. [in Ukrainian]. 4. Kryminalnyi protses: pidruchnyk (2022) [Criminal procedure: textbook] / I. V. Basysta, R. I. Blahuta, I. V. Hloviuk ta in. ; za zah. red. A. Ya. Khytry, R. M. Shekhavtsova. Lviv : Lvivskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav, Ch. 1. 492. [in Ukrainian]. 5. Bielousov Yu. (2019) Yak maskuiut nezakonni zatrymannia, prykryvaiuchys zakonodavstvom [How illegal detentions are masked under the guise of legislation]. Ekspertnyi tsentr z prav liudyny. URL: https://bit.ly/2HvuHNf [in Ukrainian]. 6. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu [Supreme Court ruling] vid 15.06.2021. Sprava № 204/6541/16-k. Provadzhennia No. 51-2172km19. URL: http://iplex.com.ua/doc.php?regnum=97736430&red=10000319977f26ab64dcf68b40722731851ac4&d= 5 [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Anatoly Volobuyev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYSTEM-ACTIVITY MODEL OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC EXAMINATION: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS
Theoretical substantiation and construction of a comprehensive system-activity model of conducting forensic examination as a tool for overcoming information uncertainty in criminal proceedings. The research is based on the principles of the system-activity approach. Modeling methods (to create the structure of expert activity), structural-functional analysis (to determine the interaction of subjects, objects, and tasks), and the method of epistemological analysis (to study the nature of information-cognitive deficit) were used. A basic model of the structure of conducting an examination has been developed, covering subjects, objects, subject matter, purpose, tasks, and functions as a unified functional system. It is proved that the legitimate epistemological prerequisite for appointing an examination is "information-cognitive deficit". It is substantiated that in the absence of such a need, the examination loses procedural justification and transforms into procedural-cognitive redundancy, which does not create new verifying knowledge but only complicates the structure of evidence. The application of the system- activity approach to the analysis of forensic examination has been further developed, allowing for a transition from a static description of the procedural norm to the modeling of its dynamic implementation. It is proposed to consider the integrity of the internal and external links of the model as a criterion for the judicial assessment of the admissibility of an expert opinion. The necessity of distinguishing between the objective need for special knowledge and the formal appointment of an examination, which leads to systemic failures in evidence, is argued. The developed model serves as a theoretical and methodological framework for creating applied tools to identify systemic failures and defects in forensic activity. It creates the prerequisites for developing specific algorithms for judicial verification and evaluation of expert opinions at various stages — from verifying the legitimacy of the appointment to analyzing the internal integrity of the research results. This establishes a foundation for the unification of judicial positions and their subsequent transformation into law enforcement standards, which will contribute to minimizing groundless procedural actions in criminal proceedings. References 1. Bazhaniuk, V. V. (2023). Pravovi ta orhanizatsiino-taktychni osnovy provedennia ekspertyz u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [Legal, organizational and tactical bases of conducting examinations in criminal proceedings] (Doctoral dissertation). Kropyvnytskyi. [in Ukrainian] 2. Vorobchak, A. R. (2019). Vysnovok eksperta yak dzherelo dokaziv u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [Expert opinion as a source of evidence in criminal proceedings] (Candidate’s thesis). Odesa. [in Ukrainian] 3. Dudych, A. V. (2017). Ekspert yak uchasnyk kryminalnoho provadzhennia [Expert as a participant in criminal proceedings] (Candidate’s thesis). Odesa. [in Ukrainian] 4. Protsenko, A. M. (2023). Protsesualni, orhanizatsiini ta taktychni zasady provedennia ekspertyzy v sudi [Procedural, organizational and tactical principles of forensic examination in court] (Doctoral dissertation). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian] 5. Simakova-Yefremian, E. B. (2017). Teoretyko-pravovi ta metodolohichni zasady kompleksnykh sudovo-ekspertnykh doslidzhen [Theoretical, legal and methodological foundations of complex forensic expert research] (Doctoral dissertation). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian] 6. Tymchyshyn, A. M. (2023). Spetsialni znannia u kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy: teoriia ta praktyka [Special knowledge in the criminal process of Ukraine: theory and practice] (Doctoral dissertation). Kropyvnytskyi. [in Ukrainian] 7. Tkachenko, N. M. (2017). Subiekty sudovo-ekspertnoi diialnosti v suchasnii systemi ekspertnoho zabezpechennia kryminalnoho provadzhennia [Subjects of forensic activity in the modern system of expert support of criminal proceedings] (Candidate’s thesis). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian] 8. Shunevych, K. A. (2023). Modeli orhanizatsii ta provedennia sudovoi ekspertyzy u kryminalnomu sudochynstvi v derzhavakh Evropy i v Ukraini [Models of organization and conducting forensic examination in criminal justice in European states and in Ukraine] (Doctoral dissertation). Lviv. [in Ukrainian] 9. Shcherbakovskyi, M. H. (2016). Teoretyko-metodolohini ta prakseolohichni zasady sudovykh ekspertyz u kryminalnomu protsesi [Theoretical, methodological and praxeological foundations of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings] (Doctoral dissertation). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian] 10. Shcherbaniuk, D. V. (2019). Teoriia ta praktyka realizatsii ekspertnoi initsiatyvy u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [Theory and practice of expert initiative implementation in criminal proceedings] (Doctoral abstract). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian] 11. Yurchyshyn, V. D. (2007). Vysnovok eksperta yak dzherelo dokaziv u kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy [Expert opinion as a source of evidence in the criminal process of Ukraine] (Candidate’s thesis). Ivano-Frankivsk. [in Ukrainian] 12. Obiednana palata Kasatsiinoho kryminalnoho sudu u skladi Verkhovnoho Sudu. (2019, November 25). Postanova u spravi No. 420/1667/18 [Resolution in case No. 420/1667/18]. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/86070671 [in Ukrainian] 13. Myroshnychenko, Yu. M. (2023). Kryminalistychne zabezpechennia sudovoho provadzhennia: teoretychni osnovy ta prykladni aspekty [Forensic support of judicial proceedings: theoretical foundations and applied aspects] (F. F. Volobuiev, Ed.). Uzhhorod: RIK-U. [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Yurii Myroshnychenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE STRUCTURE OF ARTICLE 111-1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE & PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFYING COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES
The article considers the problem of excessive structuring and lack of proper classification of forms of collaboration consolidated within the framework of Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine "Collaborative Activities". Referring to specific examples from judicial practice, it is demonstrated that the aforementioned structuring has primarily led to unjustified differentiation of responsibility for manifestations of collaborative activities, the degree of public danger of which does not differ significantly. The scientific views on the classification of forms of collaborative activities provided for in Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are analyzed. It is substantiated that even the best examples of the relevant classifications can be useful only at the stage of criminalization as a basis for further determination of specific manifestations of collaborative activities that should be criminalized in the relevant areas, or at least for proper regulation of responsibility for acts that have a similar nature and degree of public danger. At the same time, it is argued that no classification can serve as a proper basis for differentiating criminal liability for individual types of collaborationism, the features of the components of which are described either within different parts of the same article, or even in separate articles, which is explained by the fact that such theoretical classifications do not solve the problem of close interrelation and conditionality and, as a result, the mixing of different types of collaborationism, which is why in practice almost every real manifestation of the corresponding socially dangerous behavior must be regarded as collaborationism of different types, and therefore - be qualified by a set of several separate norms (in which independent components are described), which provide for liability for their commission. Taking into account the arguments presented in the article, as well as the experience of regulating criminal liability for collaborative activities in the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine, it is proposed to unify criminal liability for all types of collaborative activities and provide for it within a single structure with alternative actions, which should be the corresponding forms of collaborative activities. References 1. Pysmenskyi, Ye. O., Movchan, R. O. (2022). Ideolohichnyi ta kulturno-osvitnii kolaboratsionizm: okremi problemy tlumachennia ta vdoskonalennia zakonodavstva. Naukovyi visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav [Scientific Bulletin of the Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs], 2, S. 8–16. DOI: 10.31733/2078-3566-2022-2-8-16 [in Ukrainian] 2. Rubashchenko, M. A., Yakoviuk, I. V., Shulzhenko, N. V., Zaitsev, O. V., Kharytonov, S. O. (2024). Kolaboratsionizm na tymchasovo okupovanykh terytoriiakh: problemy pravovoi otsinky, harantuvannia prav i svobod ta reintehratsii terytorii : monohrafiia [Collaborationism in temporarily occupied territories: problems of legal assessment, guaranteeing rights and freedoms, and reintegration of territories: monohrafiia]. Kharkiv : Pravo [in Ukrainian] 3. Movchan, R. O. (2022). «Voienni» novely Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy: pravotvorchi ta pravozastosovni problemy : monohrafiia ["Military" Novels of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: Law-Making and Law-Enforcement Problems: monohrafiia]. Kyiv : Norma prava [in Ukrainian]. 4. Pysmenskyi, Ye. O. (2024). Kryminalno-pravovi problemy protydii kolaboratsiinii diialnosti : monohrafiia [Criminal law problems of countering collaborative activities: monograph]. Kyiv : Alerta [in Ukrainian]. 5. Miskiv, T. I. (2024). Karanist kolaboratsiinoi diialnosti (st. 111-1 KK Ukrainy): analiz sanktsii zakonodavchoi novely. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal [Legal scientific electronic journal], 11, S. 408–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-11/94 [in Ukrainian] 6. Vyrok Zhovtnevoho raionnoho sudu m. Zaporizhzhia vid 12 hrudnia 2024 r. u spravi № 331/3948/24 [Verdict of the Zhovtnevy District Court of Zaporizhzhia dated December 12, 2024 in case No. 331/3948/24]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/123717996 [in Ukrainian] 7. Vyrok Ivano-Frankivskoho miskoho Ivano-Frankivskoi oblasti vid 1 serpnia 2024 r. u spravi № 344/8405/24 [Verdict of the Ivano-Frankivsk City Court of Ivano-Frankivsk Region dated August 1, 2024 in case No. 344/8405/24]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/120764869 [in Ukrainian] 8. Vyrok Zarichnoho raionnoho sudu m. Sumy vid 22 hrudnia 2023 r. u spravi № 591/4058/22 [Verdict of the Zarechny District Court of Sumy dated December 22, 2023 in case No. 591/4058/22]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/115842533 [in Ukrainian] 9. Vyrok Rivnenskoho miskoho sudu Rivnenskoi oblasti vid 10 chervnia 2024 r. u spravi № 569/12655/23 [Verdict of the Rivne City Court of Rivne Region dated June 10, 2024 in case No. 569/12655/23]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/120511652 [in Ukrainian] 10. Vyrok Dzerzhynskoho miskoho sudu m. Kharkova vid 28 hrudnia 2022 r. u spravi № 638/7303/22 [Verdict of the Dzerzhynskyi City Court of Kharkiv dated December 28, 2022 in case No. 638/7303/22]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/108152933. [in Ukrainian] 11. Vyrok Ivano-Frankivskoho miskoho sudu Ivano-Frankivskoi oblasti vid 6 chervnia 2024 r. u spravi № 344/20468/23 [Verdict of the Ivano-Frankivsk City Court of Ivano-Frankivsk Region dated June 6, 2024 in case No. 344/20468/23]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/120764869 [in Ukrainian] 12. Vyrok Novomoskovskoho miskraionnoho sudu Dnipropetrovskoi oblasti vid 30 zhovtnia 2024 r. u spravi № 183/1489/23 [Verdict of the Novomoskovsk City District Court of Dnipropetrovsk Region dated October 30, 2024 in case No. 183/1489/23]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/122661343 [in Ukrainian] 13. Rubashchenko, M. A. (2023). Kryminalno-pravova klasyfikatsiia kolaboratsiinoi diialnosti (st. 111-1 KK). Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal [Legal scientific electronic journal], 10, S. 501–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2023-10/122 [in Ukrainian] 14. Vyrok Halytskoho raionnoho sudu m. Lvova vid 20 zhovtnia 2025 r. u spravi № 461/5385/25 [Verdict of the Halytskyi District Court of Lviv dated October 20, 2025 in case No. 461/5385/25]. Retrieved from: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/131114081 [in Ukrainian] 15. Kontrolnyi tekst Proiektu novoho Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy (stanom na 22 liutoho 2026 r.) [Control text of the Draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine (as of February 22, 2026)]. Retrieved from: https://newcriminalcode.org.ua/criminal-code [in Ukrainian] 16. Rubashchenko, M. A., Movchan, R. O. (2023). Kryminalni pravoporushennia proty derzhavnoi bezpeky v proiekti novoho Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy. Analitychno-porivnialne pravoznavstvo [Analytical and comparative jurisprudence], 3, S. 328–341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24144/2788- 6018.2023.03.60 [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Roman Movchan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ON THE JURISDICTION AND PRACTICE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN CASES OF WAR CRIMES THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE ARMED CONFLICT IN UKRAINE: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive scientific and legal analysis of the jurisdiction and practice of the International Criminal Court in cases concerning international crimes, as well as to assess the effectiveness of its activities in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine, taking into account current challenges and prospects for the development of international criminal justice. The methodology of the research is based on a combination of general scientific and special legal methods. The dialectical method was used to examine the legal nature and evolution of international criminal justice. The formal legal method enabled the analysis of international legal norms, in particular the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and the determination of the scope of its jurisdiction. The system-structural method was applied to study the institutional framework and procedural activities of the ICC. The methods of analysis and synthesis made it possible to generalize the Court’s practice and formulate conclusions regarding its effectiveness. The historical- legal method was used to explore the development of international criminal justice. The formal-logical method was employed in formulating conclusions and scientific generalizations. In addition, the case study method facilitated the analysis of specific ICC cases in order to identify practical issues and trends in its activities. The results of the research indicate that the exercise of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in cases related to the armed conflict in Ukraine is characterized by an intensification of investigations into international crimes and an expansion of the practice of prosecuting war crimes and crimes against humanity. It has been established that the effectiveness of the Court largely depends on the level of cooperation of states, particularly in the execution of arrest warrants and the collection of evidence. It has been found that key challenges in the functioning of the ICC include the length of proceedings, the complexity of evidence-gathering in conditions of armed conflict, and the limited mechanisms for enforcing the Court’s decisions. At the same time, it has been determined that the ICC’s practice regarding Ukraine contributes to the formation of an evidentiary basis for international crimes and has a significant impact on the development of mechanisms of international criminal responsibility. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of the jurisdiction and practice of the International Criminal Court through the prism of the contemporary armed conflict in Ukraine. The study clarifies the specific features of the implementation of the ICC’s complementary jurisdiction under conditions of limited effectiveness of national justice mechanisms, and identifies the particularities of international criminal prosecution for war crimes and crimes against humanity in the context of active hostilities. Scientific approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the ICC have been improved through a combination of analysis of the normative framework and judicial practice, which made it possible to identify key institutional limitations of the Court, in particular its dependence on international cooperation and the complexity of enforcing its decisions. Further development has been given to provisions regarding the role of the ICC as a tool for combating impunity and forming an evidentiary basis for international crimes in the context of Ukraine. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of their use in the law enforcement activities of Ukrainian public authorities, particularly in cooperation with the International Criminal Court, the documentation of international crimes, and ensuring the prosecution of those responsible. The findings may be used to improve national legislation in the field of implementation of international criminal and humanitarian law norms. In addition, the results of the study can be applied in research activities, in the educational process of higher legal education institutions, and in the preparation of analytical materials and recommendations aimed at increasing the effectiveness of international criminal justice in situations of armed conflict. References 1. Berezniak, V. (2022). Shchodo osoblyvostei yurysdyktsii Mizhnarodnoho kryminalnoho sudu: analiz okremykh polozhen Rymskoho statutu [On the Specifics of the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: An Analysis of Selected Provisions of the Rome Statute]. Naukovyi visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav. 2022. № 1. P. 155-160. DOI: 10.31733/2078-3566-2022-1-155-160 [in Ukrainian]. 2. Passas, N. (2003). International Crimes. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092591 [in English]. 3. Hutnyk, V.V. (2024). Mizhnarodnyi kryminalnyi sud: suchasni problemy ta shliakhy yikh vyrishennia [The International Criminal Court: Current Challenges and Solutions]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Issue 81, Part 3. P. 251-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.81.3.37 [in Ukrainian]. 4. Arsanjani, M. H., Reisman W. M. (2005). The Law-in-Action of the International Criminal Court. American Journal of International Law. Vol. 99, Issue 2. P. 385-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1562504 [in English]. 5. Ainley, K. (2011). The International Criminal Court on trial. Cambridge Review of International Affairs. Vol. 24, Issue 3. P. 309-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.558051 [in English]. 6. Hyeran, J., Simmons, B. A. (2016). Can the International Criminal Court Deter Atrocity? International Organization. Vol. 70, Issue 3. P. 443-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000114 [in English]. 7. Nouwen, S. M. H., Werner, W. G. (2010). Doing Justice to the Political: The International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 21, Issue 4. P. 941-965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq064 [in English]. 8. Kevin Jon Heller. (2016) Radical Complementarity. Journal of International Criminal Justice. Vol. 14, Issue 3, P.637-665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw020 [in English]. 9. Bekou, O. (2013) Complementarity Principle. Oxford Bibliographies in International Law. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0071. 10. Robinson, D. (2010) The Mysterious Mysteriousness of Complementarity. Criminal Law Forum. Vol. 21. № 1. URL: surl.li/vpyxao [in English]. 11. Starenkyi, O.S. (2025) Dokazuvannia mizhnarodnykh zlochyniv u konteksti realizatsii pryntsypu komplementarnosti Rymskoho statutu Mizhnarodnoho kryminalnoho sudu v Ukraini [Proving International Crimes in the Context of Implementing the Principle of Complementarity of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Ukraine]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu. Vyp. 91. Ch. 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.91.4.61 [in Ukrainian]. 12. Gutnyk, V. (2023). The Development of International Criminal Justice: Expectations and Reality. Teisė. Vol. 126. P. 101-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/Teise.2023.126.7 [in English]. 13. Tarasenko, L. B. (2023). Ratyfikatsiia Rymskoho statutu Ukrainoiu: aktualnist ta naslidky. Pravova systema derzhavy: problemy formuvannia ta perspektyvy rozvytku v konteksti yevrointehratsii [Ukraine’s Ratification of the Rome Statute: Relevance and Implications. The State’s Legal System: Challenges in Its Formation and Prospects for Development in the Context of European Integration]. Odesa, P. 86-90. URL: https://surl.li/mweggd (data zvernennia 25.04.2026) [in Ukrainian]. 14. Smyrnov, M. (2022). Spivrobitnytstvo Ukrainy z Mizhnarodnym kryminalnym sudom yak mekhanizm prytiahnennia do vidpovidalnosti rosii za zlochyn ahresii proty Ukrainy [Ukraine’s cooperation with the International Criminal Court as a mechanism for holding russia accountable for the crime of aggression against Ukraine]. Prykarpatskyi yurydychnyi visnyk. № 6. P. 227-231 [in Ukrainian]. 15. Fokin, Ya. F. (2024). Vidpovidalnist za porushennia norm mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho prava pid chas rosiiskoi viiskovoi ahresii [Accountability for violations of international humanitarian law during russia’s military aggression: the International Criminal Court as a mechanism for holding russia accountable]. Irpinskyi yurydychnyi chasopys. Issue 4 (17). P.290-299 [in Ukrainian]. 16. Riiben, V. (2003). The Procedure of the ICC: Status and Functions of the Prosecutor. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. № 7. P. 514-552 [in English]. 17. Pylypenko, V. P. (2024). Voienni zlochyny za Rymskym statutom Mizhnarodnoho kryminalnoho sudu: pytannia teorii ta praktyky [War Crimes Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Issues of Theory and Practice]: Doctor’s thesis. Odesa, 465 p. [in Ukrainian]. 18. Andreas Zimmermann. (2016). Finally … Or Would Rather Less Have Been More? The Recent Amendment on the Deletion of Article 124 of the Rome Statute and the Continued Quest for the Universality of the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. Vol. 14. Issue 3. P. 505-517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw012 [in English].
Copyright (c) 2026 Serhii Adamchuk, Yurii Bevza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RIGHT TO DEROGATE FROM HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS DURING WAR
The article examines the right of a state to derogate from its human rights obligations during war as an exceptional mechanism of international and constitutional law applied in situations of public emergency. It is argued that derogation does not mean the abolition of human rights or the release of the state from the obligation to act within the limits of law. Rather, it constitutes a special legal regime of temporary, proportionate, and controlled restriction of certain guarantees. The study focuses on Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Regime of Martial Law”, which together form the normative basis for permissible derogation in crisis conditions. The article identifies the key criteria for the lawfulness of derogation, including the existence of war or another public emergency threatening the life of the nation, strict necessity, proportionality, temporariness, non-discrimination, consistency with other international obligations, and proper international notification. The article distinguishes derogation from ordinary restrictions on human rights and from constitutional limitations introduced under martial law. Particular attention is paid to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, especially Lawless v. Ireland, Brannigan and McBride v. the United Kingdom, Aksoy v. Turkey, A. and Others v. the United Kingdom, Mehmet Hasan Altan v. Turkey, and Şahin Alpay v. Turkey, as these judgments shaped the standards for assessing emergency measures. The article emphasizes that even in wartime the state does not enjoy unlimited discretion, since derogation remains subject to both international and domestic legal control. Special attention is also given to the non-derogable core of human rights, which cannot be restricted under any circumstances, and to the interaction between international human rights law and international humanitarian law. It is demonstrated that the issue of derogation is especially relevant for Ukraine in the context of the full-scale war, martial law, and the need for continuous reassessment of the scope of restrictions in accordance with the actual security situation. The article concludes that lawful derogation is possible only if the rule of law, effective judicial protection, parliamentary and international control, and compliance with international humanitarian law are preserved. References 1. Baadzhy, N. A. (2023). Do pytannia zakonnosti derogatsii prav liudyny: Umovy pravomirnosti zghidno praktytsi YeSPL [On the legality of derogation from human rights: Conditions of lawfulness according to ECtHR case law]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal, (10), 593–596. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2023-10/143 [in Ukrainian]. 2. Bochkovoi, V. O. (2025). Poniattia derogatsii ta yii mistse v systemi obmezhen prav liudyny [The concept of derogation and its place in the system of human rights restrictions]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu. Seriia Pravo, 89(4), 82–86. URL: https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.89.4.12 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Marushchak, A. V. (2022). Pravova osnova derogatsii yak pravomirnoho obmezhennia prav liudyny [The legal basis of derogation as a lawful restriction of human rights]. In S. V. Kivalov (Ed.), Yevropeiskyi vybir Ukrainy, rozvytok nauky ta natsionalna bezpeka v realiiakh masshtabnoi viiskovoi ahresii ta hlobalnykh vyklykiv XXI stolittia (Vol. 1, PP. 449–452). Vydavnychyi dim “Helvetyka”. URL: https://dspace.onua.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/d21a7159-0e7d-4e47-b1ce-448b2dbcdad3/content [in Ukrainian]. 4. European Court of Human Rights. (2025). Guide on Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Derogation in time of emergency. Updated August 31, 2025. URL: https://ks.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr-ks/guide_art_15_ukr [in Ukrainian]. 5. European Court of Human Rights. (1996). Aksoy v. Turkey, Application no. 21987/93, Judgment of 18 December 1996. URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-58003 [in English]. 6. European Court of Human Rights. (1993). Brannigan and McBride v. the United Kingdom, Applications nos. 14553/89 and 14554/89, Judgment of 25 May 1993. URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57819 [in English]. 7. European Court of Human Rights. (1961). Lawless v. Ireland (No. 3), Application no. 332/57, Judgment of 1 July 1961. URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57518 [in English]. 8. European Court of Human Rights. (2018). Mehmet Hasan Altan v. Turkey, Application no. 13237/17, Judgment of 20 March 2018. URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-181862 [in English]. 9. European Court of Human Rights. (2018). Şahin Alpay v. Turkey, Application no. 16538/17, Judgment of 20 March 2018. URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-181864 [in English].
Copyright (c) 2026 Oleh Andrukhiv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
«DIGITAL DISINFORMATION» IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERSTATE INTERACTION
The article explores the concept of “digital disinformation” and the role of this phenomenon in the system of interstate interaction. It demonstrates that digital disinformation is a type of a broader contemporary phenomenon derived from technological achievements – polluted information. It is noted that the fundamental principle of conventionality in modern international law forms the basis of interstate interaction, but at the same time creates its vulnerability. Therefore, the dissemination of false information in the interstate space can be seen as a kind of response to the anarchic nature of the international system, which results from the absence of a supranational authority capable of guaranteeing the complete security of states. Under such conditions, states are forced to constantly ensure their own survival, which creates incentives to use deception as a political tool. Accordingly, the dissemination of false information by one state within the territory of another can be considered a natural and rational element of state strategy. The main ontological forms of digital disinformation in the international space are: disinformation news, disinformation campaigns, and disinformation operations (the article provides examples of these ontological forms and assesses their effectiveness in terms of achieving the desired outcome). The spread of digital disinformation employs the full arsenal of information and communication technologies, but at the current stage, the most in-demand tools are social networks, messengers, and AI, which trains and fills large language models (LLMs) with the “needed” information. In the sphere of international interaction, digital disinformation is disseminated for: achieving political goals by interfering in the domestic politics of another state; gaining an advantage in conditions of overt or covert aggression; destabilizing the internal legal order and social balance of another state; and achieving propaganda objectives. The content of digital disinformation is oriented toward the cultural and political characteristics of the region. References 1. Politica Nacional de Inteligencia. Decreto nº 8.793, de 29 de junho de 2016. Presidencia da Republica. (Br2016) [National Intelligence Policy. Decree No. 8,793, of June 29, 2016. Presidency of the Republic. (Br2016)]. Retrieved from: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015- 2018/2016/decreto/d8793.htm [in Portuguese]. 2. Mearsheimer John J. (2011). Why Leaders Lie: The Truth About Lying in International Politics. Retrieved from: https://dokumen.pub/why-leaders-lie-the-truth-about-lying-in-international- politics.html [in English]. 3. La Cour C. (2020). Theorising Digital Disinformation in International Relations. Іnternational Politics. № 57. Р. 704–723. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00215-x Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338914971_Theorising_digital_disinformation_in_internatio nal_relations [in English]. 4. Kruijver K., Finlayson N., Cadet B., Van der Meer S. (2025). The disinformation lifecycle: an integrated understanding of its creation, spread and effects. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392741972_The disinformation _ _lifecycle_ an _integrated_ un derstanding_ of its creation _ _ _spread_ and _ effects [in English]. 5. Humprecht E., Esser F., Van Aelst P (2020). Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research. International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3):493-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126 [in English]. 6. Yildiz I. (2025). Sosyal Medyada Dijital Dezenformasyon: Iletisim Baskanligi Filistin Ozel Bulteni Uzerine Bir Analiz. February 2025 [Digital Disinformation on Social Media: An Analysis of the Presidency of Communications' Special Bulletin on Palestine. February 2025]. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 11. Р. 163-182 DOI:10.31592/aeusbed.1595546. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389461260_Sosyal_Medyada_Dijital_Dezenformasyon_Ileti sim_Baskanligi_Filistin_Ozel_Bulteni_Uzerine_Bir_Analiz [in Turkish]. 7. Wardle C., Derakhshan H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an- interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c> [in English]. 8. Darshan H. (2022). The Evolution of War; From First Generation Warfare to Fifth Generation Warfare. Retrieved from: https://www.ugc.wionews.com [in English]. 9. Homilko O. (2025). Fenomen feiku u tsyfrovykh vyklykakh suchasnoi kultury. Humanities studies: Collection of Scientific Papers. № 22 (99). P. 34–41. doi https://doi.org/10.32782/hst-2025-22-99-04 [in Ukrainian]. 10. 3rd EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats Exposing the architecture of FIMI operations March 2025. Retrieved from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EEAS-3nd-ThreatReport-March-2025- 05-Digital-HD.pdf [in English]. 11. Khan I. (2021). Khan I. Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expression : report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression. Geneva. UN. 13 Apr. Retrieved from: https://eos.cartercenter.org/uploads/document_file/path/985/Report_ [in English]. 12. Saienko O. H. (2025). Mekhanizm informatsiino-psykholohichnoho vplyvu v umovakh hibrydnoi viiny [The mechanism of informational and psychological influence in the conditions of hybrid warfare]. Visnyk Natsionalnoi akademii Derzhavnoi prykordonnoi sluzhby Ukrainy. Seriia: Psykholohiia. № 1. Retrieved from: https://lib.nadpsu.edu.ua/eldocs/BooksShow4/Vnadpn_2015_1_11. pdf. [in Ukrainian]. 13. Sydorenko V. (2023) Vybory na Taivani: yak Pekin namahaietsia skorystatysia «viknom mozhlyvostei» [Taiwan elections: how Beijing is trying to seize the "window of opportunity"]. Retrieved from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3805614-vibori-na-tajvani-ak-pekin-namagaetsa- skoristatisa-viknom-mozlivostej.htm l [in Ukrainian]. 14. Vyklyk pryvydu Reikhu [Calling the Ghost of Reich]. (2025). Retrieved from: https://euvsdisinfo.eu/ua/%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%ba- %d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%b4%d1%83- %d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b9%d1%85%d1%83/ [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Viktoriia Vovk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JURISDICTION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT IN THE AREAS OF MIXED LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS
This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the problems of determining the jurisdiction of the administrative court in disputes arising in areas of mixed legal relationships that combine public and private interests. The relevance of the topic stems from the growing number of jurisdictional conflicts among administrative, commercial, and general jurisdiction courts, which negatively affect the effectiveness of judicial protection and the realization of the right to a fair trial.The purpose of the study is to conduct a scientific and practical analysis of the criteria for distinguishing among administrative, civil, and commercial jurisdictions in the context of mixed legal relations, and to substantiate the impact of systemic procedural errors by lower courts on the formation of jurisdictional conflicts. The paper analyzes procedural law provisions, summarizes legal doctrine's approaches, and examines the current practice of the highest court in determining proper jurisdiction. The analysis revealed the absence of an established, consistent practice for distinguishing jurisdiction in mixed legal disputes. It was found that competition among criteria such as the subject matter, the nature of the disputed legal relations, the object of judicial protection, and the content of the claims leads to inconsistent decisions in disputes that are essentially identical. It has been proven that a formal approach to jurisdiction based solely on an authority's participation is insufficient and does not reflect the essence of a public law dispute. The author's position that systematic violations of procedural law by courts of first and appellate instance during the initial qualification of a dispute are a significant but insufficiently researched source of jurisdictional conflicts is well-founded. It is precisely the erroneous interpretation of the nature of legal relations and the content of the violated right that leads to multiple referrals of cases between courts of different jurisdictions and to the formation of a significant body of court decisions aimed at correcting such errors. The conclusion was reached on the need to clarify the hierarchy of criteria for delimiting jurisdiction, giving priority to the content of the violated subjective right or interest, and to strengthen procedural discipline at the level of lower courts. The implementation of these approaches will help ensure the unity of judicial practice, increase the predictability of court decisions, and strengthen guarantees of effective judicial protection amid the dynamic development of public-private relations. References 1. Kibenko, O., Urkevych, V. (2020). Pidkhody Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu do vyznachennia yurysdyktsiinosti sporiv [Approaches of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court to determining the jurisdiction of disputes]. 24 bereznia. from https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres- centr/zmi/915159/ [in Ukrainian]. 2. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 13 bereznia 2019 r. u spravi № 815/2546/17. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 02, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/80783530 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Shumylo, M. (2020). Yurysdyktsiia sudu shchodo sporiv u sferi pratsi: praktyka Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu [Court jurisdiction over labor disputes: practice of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court]. 24 chervnia. from https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/zmi/959678/ [in Ukrainian]. 4. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 02 zhovtnia 2019 r. u spravi № 815/1594/17. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 03, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/85412838 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Verbitska, M.V., Semeniuk, V.O. (2020) Mezhi administratyvnoi yurysdyktsii: spirni pytannia [Boundaries of administrative jurisdiction: controversial issues]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal, 3, 200-203. from http://lsej.org.ua/3_2020/50.pdf. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524- 0374/2020-3/48 [in Ukrainian] 6. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 10 kvitnia 2018 r. u spravi № 1519/2-787/11. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 03, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/ Review/74064865 [in Ukrainian]. 7. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 15 kvitnia 2020 r. u spravi № 727/8819/16-a. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 04, 2026, from https://zakononline.ua/court-decisions/show/88880711 [in Ukrainian]. 8. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 2 serpnia 2023 r. u spravi № 925/1741/21. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 04, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/113690646 [in Ukrainian]. 9. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu u skladi kolehii suddiv Pershoi sudovoi palaty Kasatsiinoho tsyvilnoho sudu vid 08 travnia 2024 r. u spravi № 214/4921/23. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 04, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/118961054 [in Ukrainian]. 10. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 06 liutoho 2019 r. u spravi № 522/12901/17-ts. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 06, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/79988757 [in Ukrainian]. 11. Postanova Velykoi Palaty Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 02 liutoho 2023 r. u spravi № 260/3380/21. Yedynyi derzhavnyi reiestr sudovykh rishen. Retrieved March 06, 2026, from https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/108930843 [in Ukrainian]. 12. Minchenko, R. M. (2023). Kryterii rozmezhuvannia tsyvilnoi ta administratyvnoi yurysdyktsii sudiv [Criteria for distinguishing between civil and administrative jurisdiction of courts]. Prykarpatskyi yurydychnyi visnyk, 3 (50), 16-21. DOI 10.32782/2663-5666.2023.3.3 [in Ukrainian] 13. Shemetenko, L. P. (2020). Kompetentsiia administratyvnoi yurysdyktsii sudu: yii zmist ta osnovni rysy [The competence of the administrative jurisdiction of the court: its content and main features]. Yurydychna nauka, 7(109), 158-169 [in Ukrainian]. DOI:10.32844/2222-5374-2020-109-7.21 14. Hordieiev, V.V., Bzova, L.H. (2021). Deiaki pravyla vyznachennia predmetnoi yurysdyktsii administratyvnykh sudiv [Some rules for determining the subject matter jurisdiction of administrative courts]. Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava, 4, 85-89 [in Ukrainian]. DOI: 10.36695/2219- 5521.4.2021.16 15. Maksymenko, N., Pereverziev, D. (2023). Problemy vyznachennia yurysdyktsii administratyvnykh sudiv pid chas rozghliadu trudovykh sporiv: sudova praktyka [Problems of determining the jurisdiction of administrative courts when considering labor disputes: case law]. Aktualni problemy pravoznavstva, 2 (34), 64-70. DOI:10.35774/app2023.02.064 [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Andriy Habuda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORCED RE-REGISTRATION OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE
The purpose of this study is a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the mechanism of forced re- registration of religious organisations in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine – the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, certain districts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, and the additionally seized regions after the full-scale invasion of 24 February 2022 – aimed at identifying the legal grounds, administrative instruments, and consequences of this mechanism for various religious confessions. The comparative legal method was used to compare the regulatory and legal regulation of state-religious regulation in Ukraine (Law No. 987-XII of 1991) and the Russian Federation (FZ No. 125-FZ of 1997 and the «Yarovaya package» of 2016) according to the following parameters: registration conditions, grounds for refusal, legal status of unregistered communities, sanctions for activities without registration. The formal legal method was used to analyze the provisions of Articles 43 and 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, as well as Article 18 of the ICCPR in the context of their application to occupation registration practices. The system-analytical method allowed us to reconstruct the re-registration algorithm as a four-stage repressive system. Content analysis aims to identify recurring patterns of violations in reports by USCIRF, Forum 18, the UN Monitoring Mission, and materials from the Kharkiv Human Rights Group for 2014–2026. The chronological boundaries of the study cover the period from the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in March 2014 to April 1, 2026. The study establishes that re-registration is a targeted state mechanism for eliminating religious diversity, securing a monopoly for the Russian Orthodox Church in the occupied territories. The mechanism is implemented through an insurmountable system of legal barriers, administrative pressure, armed raids during worship services, criminal prosecution, and deportation of clergy, in gross violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Over the years of occupation, more than 1,200 religious organisations have been expelled or forcibly closed in Crimea; Baptists and Pentecostals in Donbas have lost approximately 95% of their communities. The article proposes a conceptualization of the forced re-registration of religious organizations as a mechanism of occupation-based selective legal personality, which turns the registration procedure into a tool for admitting or displacing religious communities depending on their loyalty, confessional acceptability, and willingness to act within the legal order of the occupying state. The findings may be used to build evidentiary bases in international judicial instances, develop restitution claims regarding seized property of religious organisations, and improve Ukraine’s state monitoring policy on freedom of conscience in the occupied territories. References 1. Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 2025. Over 1200 religious organizations closed or driven out of Russian-occupied Crimea. URL: https://khpg.org/en/1608814337 [in English] 2. U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF). 2025. 2025 Annual Report – Russia Chapter. URL: https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2025- 04/Russia%202025%20USCIRF%20Annual%20Report.pdf [in English] 3. U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF). 2023. Russia’s Religious Freedom Violations in Ukraine: Issue Update. URL: https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2023- 07/2023%20Russias%20Religious%20Freedom%20Violations%20in%20Ukraine%20Issue%20Update_ 07.05.2023.pdf [in English] 4. U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF). 2016. Crimea: Religious Freedom Abuses Must Stop. URL: https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/releases-statements/crimea- religious-freedom-abuses-must-stop [in English] 5. U.S. Department of State. 2024. 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ukraine. URL: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ukraine 6. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2023. Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine, 1 August – 30 November 2023 (37th Periodic Report). URL: https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/37-periodic-report-EN [in Ukrainian] 7. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. 2015. Guidelines on the Legal Personality of Religious or Belief Communities. Warsaw, 4 February 2015. URL: https://www.osce.org/odihr/139046 [in English] 8. Forum 18 News Service. 2025. Occupied Ukraine: Religious Freedom Survey, March 2025. URL: https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2963 [in English] 9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 2025. Statement of the MFA of Ukraine Regarding the Atrocities and Persecution by the Russian Federation against Clergy, Religious Communities, and Believers in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine. 10 April 2025. URL: https://rsa.mfa.gov.ua/en/news/statement-mfa-ukraine-regarding-atrocities-and-persecution-russian- federation-against-clergy-religious-communities-and-believers-temporarily-occupied-territories-ukraine [in Ukrainian] 10. Donetsk Exarchate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. 2022. Official Statement of the Donetsk Exarchate of the UGCC Regarding the Illegal Arrest of Priests in Berdiansk. 26 November 2022. URL: https://synod.ugcc.ua/data/ofitsiyna-zayava-donetskogo-ekzarhatu-ugkts-z-pryvodu- nezakonnogo-areshtu-svyashchennykiv-u-berdyansku-10749/ [in Ukrainian] 11. Moscow Patriarchate. 2022. Journals of the Holy Synod of 7 June 2022. Journal No. 59. URL: https://mospat.ru/ru/news/89358/ [in Ukrainian] 12. Moscow Patriarchate. 2022. Rovenky Diocese. URL: https://patriarchia.ru/ua/church/orgs/org- ru/org/415 [in English] 13. Moscow Patriarchate. 2022. Patriarchal Sermon on Cheesefare Sunday after the Liturgy in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. 6 March 2022. URL: https://www.patriarchia.ru/article/102978 [in Ukrainian] 14. Moscow Patriarchate. 2023. Address of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at a Meeting with Young Athletes from Donbas. 26 February 2023. URL: https://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/6006766.html [in Ukrainian] 15. World Russian People’s Council. 2024. The Decree of the XXV World Russian People’s Council “The Present and Future of the Russian World”. URL: https://vrns.ru/documents/xxv-vrns-nastoyashhee- i-budushhee-russkogo-mira/ [in Ukrainian] 16. Institute for Religious Freedom. 2022. Russian Attacks on Religious Freedom in Ukraine: Research, Analytics, Recommendations / edited by Oleksandr Zaiets and Maksym Vasin. Kyiv. URL: https://irf.in.ua/files/publications/2022.09-IRF-Ukraine-report-ENG.pdf [in English] 17. Vasin, Maksym. 2024. The Impact of the Russian Invasion on Faith-Based Communities in Ukraine. Institute for Religious Freedom. Kyiv. URL: https://irf.in.ua/files/publications/2024.03-IRF- Ukraine-report-ENG-web.pdf [in English] 18. Mission Eurasia. 2025. Faith Under Russian Terror: The Religious Dimension of Russia’s War Against Ukraine. URL: https://missioneurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2025-Mission-Eurasia- report-on-Ukraine-ENG.pdf [in English] 19. Baptist Press. 2025. Chandler, Diana. USCIRF Cites Russia’s “Blatant” Religious Freedom Violations as Ukraine Peace Talks Stall. 1 July 2025. URL: https://www.baptistpress.com/resource- library/news/uscirf-cites-russias-blatant-religious-freedom-violations-as-ukraine-peace-talks-stall/ 20. Vovk, Dmytro. 2023. Ukraine: Implications for Religious Freedom. Written Testimony for the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom Hearing “Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Religious Freedom”. 15 March 2023. URL: https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Dmytro%20Vovk%20Testimony.pdf [in English] 21. Wanner, Catherine. 2022. Everyday Religiosity and the Politics of Belonging in Ukraine. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. URL: https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/62030 22. Beliakova, Nadezhda, and Köllner, Tobias. 2023. Anti-Cult Movement and Religious Freedom for Religious Minorities in the Russian Arctic. Religions, 14(8), 1062. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077- 1444/14/8/1062 [in English] 23. Stoeckl, Kristina. 2024. The Pact of the Old Guard: Religion, Law, and Politics for a Russia at War. Journal of Law and Religion, 39(3), 482–493. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/pact-of-the-old-guard- religion-law-and-politics-for-a-russia-at-war/939648BE1590CA95F141B1FDC658FB65 [in English] 24. Green, M. Christian. 2024. Religion and State in Russia: Introduction. Journal of Law and Religion, 39(3). URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and- religion/article/religion-and-state-in-russia-introduction/00C8414C1F76E5BC8D9E0501AF89532F 25. Fagan, Geraldine. 2013. Believing in Russia: Religious Policy after Communism. London; New York: Routledge. URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203095379/believing- russia-religious-policy-communism-geraldine-fagan [in English] 26. Eastern Human Rights Group and Institute for Strategic Studies. 2025. Religion in the Temporarily Occupied Territories. December 2025. Secondary reference: RISU. Russia Strengthens Control over the Re-registration of Religious Organizations in the Temporarily Occupied Territories. 22 December 2025. URL: https://risu.ua/rf-posilyuye-kontrol-z-perereyestraciyi-religijnih-organizacij-na- tot_n161106 [in Ukrainian] 27. Radio Liberty. 2017. “DNR” Grouping and Religion. Donbas.Realii. 6 January 2017. URL: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/28217599.html [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaroslav Kotylko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL WELL-BEING, RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT OF "SCIENCE FOR POLICY"
The article is devoted to the study of the conceptual foundations of resilience as a key element of ensuring social well-being and sustainable development in the European Union within the framework of the “science for policy” approach. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing number and complexity of systemic shocks – economic crises, political changes, migration challenges, security threats, as well as long-term structural shifts caused by digitalization, demographic changes and climate transformations. The authors emphasize that in conditions when avoiding crises becomes impossible, the ability of institutions, in particular at the supranational level, to form policies aimed at preparing society for challenges with minimizing losses comes to the fore. The work systematizes the evolution of the concept of resilience, which originates in psychology, ecology and engineering and acquires interdisciplinary significance in the context of modern public policy. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between sustainability and the category of sustainable development, where sustainability appears not as an end in itself, but as a tool for preserving individual and collective well-being for present and future generations. An important place in the study is occupied by the analysis of the EU legal mechanisms, which act as an institutional form of implementing the concept of “science for policy”. The authors consider law not only as a set of regulatory norms, but as a dynamic tool for implementing scientifically sound decisions, capable of ensuring the formalization of sustainability indicators, consolidating a multi-level distribution of powers between public administration entities and establishing legal guarantees for long-term investments in sustainable development. The practical value of the study is the proposed system for monitoring sustainability through a number of indicators, which makes it possible to identify critical points of intervention. It is summarized that the formation of a sustainable society in the interpretation of the EU appears not only as a political goal, but as the result of the systematic integration of scientific knowledge into management and legal mechanisms, which is implemented within the “science for policy” paradigm. References 1. Manca, A., Benczur, P., Giovannini, E. (2017). Building a Scientific Narrative Towards a More Resilient EU Society. Part 1: A Conceptual Framework. Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union. [in English] 2. Bristow, G., Healy, A., Norris, L. et al. (2014). ECR2 Economic Crisis: Resilience of Regions: [Research Report] / ESPON 2013 Programme. Cardiff : University of Cardiff. [in English] 3. Johnson, J. L., Wiechelt, S. A. (2004). Introduction to the Special Issue on Resilience. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(5), 657-70. doi: 10.1081/ja-120034010. [in English] 4. Batabyal, A. A. (1998). On Some Aspects of Ecological Resilience and the Conservation of Species. Economic Research Institute Study Papers, 52(4), 373-378. doi: 10.1006/jema.1998.0183. 5. Teigão dos Santos, F., Partidário, M. (2011). SPARK: Strategic planning approach for resilience keeping. European Planning Studies, 19(8), 1517–1536. [in English] 6. Folke, C. (2016). An encyclopedia of resilience. Stockholm Resilience Centre. URL: https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-12-01-an-encyclopedia-of- resilience.html. [in English] 7. Eitel, К. (2023). Resilience. The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology / ed. by F. Stein. URL: https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/resilience. doi: 10.29164/23resilience. [in English] 8. Blikhar, M., Skovronska, I., Shyshko, V., Potsiurko, O., Hodiak, A. (2023). Institutional Stability Of Public Administration In The Conditions Of Increasing Economic And Legal Challenges And Threats Of Financial And Economic And Socio-Political Crisis In Ukraine. Financial and Credit Activity Problems of Theory and Practice, 3(50), 372–381. doi: 10.55643/fcaptp.3.50.2023.4087. [in English] 9. Chub, I. V. (2025). Conceptualization Of The Category «National Sustainability» In Public Administration. Public Management, 3 (44), 43-53. doi: 10.32689/2617-2224-2025-3(44)-6. [in Ukrainian] 10. Korniichuk, O. O. (2026). Resilience Of The Public Governance And Administration System Under Conditions Of Decentralization: Enhancing Threat Response Mechanisms For Ukraine's National Security, Naukivi Perspectyvy, 1(67), 382-396. doi: 10.52058/2708-7530-2026-1(67)-382-396. [in Ukrainian] 11. Libanova, E. (2024). Resilience Of The Socio-Economic System Of Ukraine To The Shocks Caused By The War: Specifics Of Formation And Response. Demography and Social Economy, 4 (58), 3-23. doi: 10.15407/dse2024.04.003. [in Ukrainian] 12. Grygorenko, Z, Naydonova, G. (2023). The Concept Of “Resilience”: History Of Formation And Approaches To Definition. Public Administration And Law Review, 2, 76–88. doi: 10.36690/2674-5216- 2023-2-76-88. [in English] 13. Fineman, M. A. (2022). Emory University Rights, Resilience, and Responsibility. Emory Law Journal, 71(7), 1435-1455. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4104731. [in English] 14. Pělucha, M. (2025). Science for Policy is a Bridge Between Academic Research and Political Decision-Making. Prague University of Economics and Business. URL: https://research.vse.cz/news/martin-pelucha-science-for-policy-is-a-bridge-between-academic-research- and-political-decision-making. [in English] 15. Cordis. (2025). Futuresilience: Creating Future Societal Resilience Through Innovative, Science- Based Co-Creation Labs (project id: 101094455). URL: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101094455. doi: 10.3030/101094455. [in English] 16. Bell, S., Morse, S. (2010). The role of Sustainability Indicators within evidence-based policy for sustainable development in the European Union. International Sustainable Development Research Conference. Hong Kong, URL: https://oro.open.ac.uk/24614/1/_ISDRC_16_~_Bell_and_Morse_HK_RoI_Paper_F.pdf. [in English] 17. Li, J., Tang, S.-Y., Wen, B. (2026). Unpacking Resilience In Public Administration: Insights From A Meta-Narrative Review. Public Administration Review, 0:1–20. doi: 10.1111/puar.70083. [in English] 18. Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational Resilience: A Capability-Based Conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215–246. doi: 10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7. [in English] 19. Hopkins, R. (2008). The Transition Handbook: From Oil Dependency to Local Resilience. Vermont : Chelsea Green Publ. [in English] 20. Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, Adaptability And Transformability In Social–Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2): 5, 1-9. [in English] 21. Giannakis, E., Bruggeman, A. (2017). Determinants Of Regional Resilience To Economic Crisis: A European Perspective. Taylor & Francis Journals, 25(8), 1394-1415. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2017.1319464. [in English]
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia Kushakova-Kostytska, Mykhailo Kostytskyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE BORDER GUARD SERVICE OF UKRAINE: LEGAL NATURE, CLASSIFICATION CHALLENGES
The article examines the legal nature of official information, determines its place within the system of restricted- access information, and identifies the problems of classification and law enforcement in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The study employs general scientific and special legal research methods, including analysis and synthesis, the formal-legal method, the comparative legal method, as well as methods of generalizing scholarly approaches and legislative enforcement practices in the field of access to information. It has been established that official information constitutes a distinct category of public information with restricted access, the legal regime of which is characterized by terminological inconsistency and the absence of a unified classification approach. The study identifies shortcomings in the application of the three-part test and problems related to the formation of departmental lists of official information, including excessive detail, duplication, and the use of evaluative criteria. The specific nature of official information within the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, arising from the need to ensure border security, has been substantiated. A functional risk-oriented approach to the classification of official information is proposed, based on determining its functional purpose and assessing the potential harm that may result from its disclosure. Approaches to the formation of departmental lists have been improved through their systematization and generalization. The findings of the study may be used in law-making activities aimed at improving legal regulation, in the law enforcement practice of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, and in the educational process while teaching courses in the field of information law. References 1. Bielievceva, V. V. (2012). Administratyvno-pravovi aspekty rezhymu obihu sluzhbovoi informatsii: poniattia ta zakhyst [Administrative and legal aspects of the circulation regime of official information: concept and protection]. Informatsiia i pravo [Information and Law], 3(6), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2012.3(6).272156 [in Ukrainian] 2. Zhmur, N. V. (2015). Pravove zabezpechennia sluzhbovoi informatsii v Ukraini [Legal support of official information in Ukraine] (Extended abstract of Candidate’s thesis). Kyiv [in Ukrainian] 3. Kniaziev, S. O. (2015). Suchasni tendentsii vidnesennia informatsii do katehorii sluzhbovoi [Modern trends in classifying information as official]. Information Security of the Person, Society and State, 3(19), 103–111 [in Ukrainian] 4. Blinova, H. O. (2013). Sluzhbova taiemnytsia yak vyd publichnoi informatsii z obmezhenym dostupom [Official secret as a type of public information with restricted access]. Pravo i suspilstvo [Law and Society], 3, 41–50 [in Ukrainian] 5. Sharaburyna, O. O. (2013). Novely zakonodavstva Ukrainy pro informatsiiu z obmezhenym dostupom [Novelties of Ukrainian legislation on restricted information]. Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava [Journal of Kyiv University of Law], 2, 147–150 [in Ukrainian] 6. Savchenko, S. V., Prokofieva, K. A., & Reshetilova, O. M. (2026). Problemy roboty zi sluzhbovoiu informatsiieiu v derzhavnomu dilovodstvi Ukrainy: instytutsiino-pravovyi analiz [Problems of handling official information in public administration of Ukraine: institutional and legal analysis]. Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.30838/UJCEA.2312.250226.113.1215 [in Ukrainian] 7. Kasperskyi, I. P. (2020). Problemy pravovoi rehlementatsii zmistu sluzhbovoi informatsii v Ukraini [Problems of legal regulation of the content of official information in Ukraine]. Informatsiina bezpeka liudyny, suspilstva, derzhavy [Information Security of the Person, Society and State], 1–3(28–30), 83–89 [in Ukrainian] 8. Slyzkonis, D. M. (Ed.). (2014). Sluzhbova informatsiia: poriadok vidnesennia ta dostupu [Official information: classification and access procedure] (O. L. Ohdanska, V. V. Taran, & V. V. Shcherbachenko, Comps.). Kyiv: Tsentr politychnykh studii ta analityky [in Ukrainian] 9. Kushnir, I. P., Kuryliuk, Yu. B., Tsarenko, O. M., & Soroka, A. Z. (2022). Pravove rehuliuvannia informatsiinykh vidnosyn u diialnosti Derzhavnoi prykordonnoi sluzhby Ukrainy [Legal regulation of information relations in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine]. Khmelnytskyi: Monuskrypt [in Ukrainian] 10. Lipkan, V. A., & Baskakov, V. Yu. (2013). Administratyvno-pravovyi rezhym informatsii z obmezhenym dostupom v Ukraini [Administrative and legal regime of restricted information in Ukraine]. Kyiv: FOP O. S. Lipkan [in Ukrainian] 11. Marushchak, A. I. (2007). Informatsiine pravo: dostup do informatsii [Information law: access to information]. Kyiv: KNT [in Ukrainian] 12. Busel, V. T. (Ed.). (2005). Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy [Great explanatory dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language]. Kyiv; Irpin: Perun [in Ukrainian] 13. Slovnyk ukrainskoi movy [Dictionary of the Ukrainian language]. (1973). (Vol. 4, p. 273). Retrieved April 20, 2026, from http://sum.in.ua/s/konfidencijnyj [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Iryna Kushnir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ELECTORAL QUANTITIES AS INTEGRAL COMPONENTS OF THE ELECTORAL LAW
The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of electoral qualifications as integral components of the electoral process. Emphasis is placed on highlighting the specifics of electoral qualifications as key factors that influence the formation and functioning of democratic institutions, determine the political structure of society and play a key role in ensuring the legitimacy of power. The relevance and significance of this topic are outlined, which is due to the fact that it allows becoming a certain safeguard against arbitrariness and a tool for guaranteeing the competence of election participants, assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the representation mechanism and the limits of the exercise of citizens' electoral rights, identifying existing problems in the electoral process and outlining ways to solve them. The author's definition of electoral qualifications is proposed, which is understood as legally enshrined requirements that constitute a system of special restrictions that determine the limits of citizens' exercise of their electoral rights. It is emphasized that in fact electoral qualifications are a regulatory instrument that outlines the circle of persons admitted to vote or nominate their candidacy. The types of electoral qualifications are given and their significance is characterized. The author's attention is drawn to the fact that the practical implementation of subjective and objective elements of electoral law, which includes compliance with the established qualifications, is carried out within the framework of the electoral process. It is emphasized that the electoral process appears as a mechanism for the implementation of the political rights of citizens and determines the algorithm of their participation in state governance, it is the environment where electoral rights are implemented and the corresponding qualifications are applied and generally reflects the technological side of citizens' participation in government processes. It is stated that electoral qualifications are an effective instrument for regulating electoral relations, they structure parameters, establish specific requirements for both citizens who plan to exercise their active right to vote and candidates for elected positions who use their passive right to vote. References 1. Hlynianyi, I. V. (2023). Vyborchi tsenzy: konstytutsiino-pravove doslidzhennia : PhD diss. … nauk. stup. dok. filosofii : 081 «Pravo» [Electoral qualifications: constitutional and legal research: dissertation … scientific degree of doctor of philosophy: 081 «Law»]. Nats. un-t «Odeska yurydychna akademiia». Odesa. 211 s. [in Ukrainian]. 2. Kliuchkovskyi, Yu. B. (2018). Pryntsypy vyborchoho prava: doktrynalne rozuminnia, stan ta perspektyvy zakonodavchoi realizatsii v Ukraini [Principles of electoral law: doctrinal understanding, status and prospects of legislative implementation in Ukraine] : monohrafiia. Kyiv: Vaite. 908 s [in Ukrainian]. 3. Martseliak, O. V. Martseliak S. M. (2015). Pravova pryroda y vydy tsenziv u vyborchomu pravi [Legal nature and types of qualifications in electoral law]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Seriia : Pravo. 33 (1). S. 79–93 [in Ukrainian]. 4. Solonenko, O. M. Vyborchi tsenzy: umovy realizatsii vyborchoho prava [Electoral qualifications: conditions for exercising the right to vote]. Retrieved from: https://elar.navs.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/3092ff24-b0b7-4cb5-a957-1bdbd0b160a7/content [in Ukrainian]. 5. Buchyn, M. A. (2009). Vyborchi tsenzy ta pryntsypу zahalnoho vyborchoho prava [Electoral qualifications and principles of universal suffrage]. Visnyk Kharkivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu im. V. N. Karazina «Pytannia politolohii». Kharkiv : KhNU im. V. N. Karazina. 839. S. 122– 127 [in Ukrainian]. 6. Hlynianyi, I. V. (2020). Protsedurni ta netradytsiini tsenzy u systemi klasyfikatsii vyborchykh tsenziv u sviti ta Ukraini [Procedural and non-traditional qualifications in the classification system of electoral qualifications in the world and Ukraine]. Pravove zhyttia suchasnoi Ukrainy : u 3 t. : materialy Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf., (m. Odesa, 15 trav. 2020 r.) / vidp. red. M. R. Arakelian. Odesa : Helvetyka, T. 1. S. 354–357 [in Ukrainian]. 7. Romtsiv, O. I. (2022). Vyborchi tsenzy yak neobkhidni «obmezhennia» vyborchoho prava [Electoral qualifications as necessary "restrictions" on the right to vote]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal. 4. S. 93–96. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-4/19 [in Ukrainian]. 8. Chemsak, Yu. V. (2021). Vyborche zakonodavstvo Ukrainy: osoblyvosti rozvytku ta suchasnyi stan [Electoral legislation of Ukraine: features of development and current state]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal. 12. S. 86–89. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-12/18 [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Ihor Mahnovskyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTIPLE CITIZENSHIP IN UKRAINE AND MECHANISMS FOR ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE: RISKS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the introduction of the institution of multiple citizenship in Ukraine, to examine its constitutional and legal foundations, and to assess the feasibility of restrictions on access to public office for persons holding multiple citizenships under martial law and within the framework of European integration processes. The methodological framework of the research is based on a combination of general scientific and special legal methods, including formal-legal analysis, systemic-structural method, logical-semantic method, comparative legal analysis, and examination of legislative initiatives and expert opinions. Elements of historical-legal analysis were also applied to explore the evolution of the principle of single citizenship. The study establishes that the adoption of Law of Ukraine No. 4502-IX on the legalization of multiple citizenship marked a significant stage in the transformation of the national citizenship institution and constituted a response to demographic, migration, and security challenges. At the same time, legislative initiatives aimed at restricting access to public service for persons with multiple citizenship, in particular Draft Law No. 14230, revealed a number of legal conflicts related to the principle of equal access to public service, guarantees enshrined in Article 38 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and the requirements of international standards. It is substantiated that the absence of clear verification procedures and proper regulatory mechanisms may create risks both to national security and to the protection of human rights. The study substantiates the necessity of developing a balanced model of legal regulation of multiple citizenship that would reconcile the state’s security interests with constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms, as well as provide transparent and proportionate verification mechanisms for candidates seeking positions in public service. The results of the research may be used in the process of improving legislation on citizenship and public service, drafting laws regulating multiple citizenship, and in the law-enforcement practice of public authorities in order to ensure a balance between national security and the protection of constitutional rights. References 1. Shcho maie zrobyty derzhava dlia povernennia ukraintsiv ta chy potribne mnozhynne hromadianstvo [What the state should do for the return of Ukrainians and whether multiple citizenship is needed]. Ukrainska Pravda. URL: https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2025/07/18/7522414 (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 2. Osoblyvosti pratsevlashtuvannia osib z mnozhynnym hromadianstvom v orhanakh publichnoi vlady... [Peculiarities of employment of persons with multiple citizenship in public authorities and bringing legislation into line with the new administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine: a meeting of the Committee on State Power was held]. Official Portal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. URL: https://www.rada.gov.ua/news/news_kom/270612.html (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 3. Advokat Anna Daniel rozpovila, yak vprovadzhennia mnozhynnoho hromadianstva v Ukraini koreliuuietsia z Konstytutsiieiu [Lawyer Anna Daniel told how the introduction of multiple citizenship in Ukraine correlates with the Constitution]. Porady Yurysta. Information and Legal Portal. URL: https://porady.org.ua/advokat-anna-daniel-rozpovila-yak-vprovadzhennya-mnozhynnoho- hromadyanstva-v-ukrayini-korelyuyetsya (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 4. Tomkina, O. O. (2024). Konstytutsiinyi pryntsyp yedynoho hromadianstva: pravodoktrynalna interpretatsiia [Constitutional principle of single citizenship: legal and doctrinal interpretation]. Nove Ukrainske Pravo [New Ukrainian Law], (4), 109-118. DOI https://doi.org/10.51989/nul.2024.4.13 (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 5. Bashtiviy, D., Romaniuk, P. Chy zmozhut ukraintsi, yaki maiut shche odne hromadianstvo, zaimaty deiaki posady v orhanakh derzhavnoi vlady: analiz okremykh polozhen zakonoproiektu 14230 [Will Ukrainians who have another citizenship be able to hold certain positions in state authorities: analysis of certain provisions of draft law 14230]. OPORA - Civil Network. URL: https://oporaua.org/vybory/chi- zmozhut-ukrayinci-yaki-mayut-shhe-odne-gromadyanstvo-zaymati-deyaki-posadi-v-organah- derzhavnoyi-vladi-analiz-okremih-polozhen-zakonoproyektu-14230-25917 (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 6. Romtsiv, O. I. (2025). Mnozhynne hromadianstvo: chy spravdi ukrainske zakonodavstvo potrebovalo modernizatsii? [Multiple citizenship: did Ukrainian legislation really need modernization?]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Seriia: Pravo [Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law], 1(91), 253-258. DOI https://doi.org/10.24144/2307- 3322.2025.91.1.37 (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian] 7. Mnozhynne hromadianstvo ta derzhsluzhba: chomu Komitet derzhavnoi vlady zablokuvav uriadovyi zakonoproiekt [Multiple citizenship and civil service: why the Committee on State Power blocked the government draft law]. KadrEX. URL: https://profpressa.com/news/mnozhinne-gromadianstvo-ta- derzhsluzhba-chomu-komitet-derzhavnoyi-vladi-zablokuvav-uriadovii-zakonoproiekt (Accessed: February 26, 2026). [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Vitalii Makarchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERRELATION OF UKRAINIAN LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
The article is devoted to one of the most pressing issues of legal theory and practice within the legal system of Ukraine, namely the interrelation between Ukrainian law and international law. Finding a coherent answer to this question is extremely important both for scholars of the theory of state and law and for researchers studying international law. The chosen topic is of particular relevance for ensuring the proper implementation of our state's strategic course toward obtaining full membership of Ukraine in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The objective of this work is to engage representatives of domestic legal scholarship in a discussion on revising the approach to substantiating the answer to the question of the interrelation between Ukrainian law and international law, as well as to present arguments that Ukrainian law reflects the monist theory of the supremacy of international law over domestic law. In order to achieve the stated research objective, the following methods of scientific inquiry were used: the historical-legal method; the system-structural method; the comparative-legal method; analysis; and synthesis. The study concludes that, at the present stage of Ukraine’s development, the correlation between Ukrainian law and international law reflects the characteristics of the monist doctrine of the primacy of international law over national law. The study highlights the necessity of revising the approach to justifying views on the relationship between Ukrainian law and international law. To this end, researchers are advised to carry out a comprehensive analysis not only of the Constitution of Ukraine, but also of other national normative legal acts and binding international treaties. Furthermore, significant attention should be devoted to other sources of national law and law-enforcement practice, particularly the case law of Ukrainian courts. The findings presented in the article can be applied in scientific research, law enforcement activities, and the educational process. References 1. Koziubra, M. I. (2016). Spivvidnoshennia natsionalnykh i mizhnarodnykh pravovykh system [National and International Legal Systems Correlation]. Naukovi zapysky NaUKMA. Yurydychni nauky, 181, 3–11. [in Ukrainian]. 2. Panchenko, I. M., Tkachenko, O. M., Pidlisnyi, Ye. V. (2023). Spivvidnoshennia mizhnarodnoho i vnutrishnoderzhavnoho prava: teoretychni aspekty [Correlation between international and domestic law: theoretical aspects]. Akademichni vizii, 15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7568450 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Padalka, M. A. (2023). Vzaiemodiia mizhnarodnoho prava z natsionalnoiu systemoiu Ukrainy [Interaction of International Law With the National System of Ukraine]. Naukovi zapysky. Seriia: pravo, 14, 268–272. https://doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2023-14-268-272 [in Ukrainian]. 4. Vzaiemodiia mizhnarodnoho prava z vnutrishnim pravom Ukrainy (2006). V. I. Akulenko ta in.; za red. V. N. Denysova [Interaction of international law with the domestic law of Ukraine.]. Kyiv : Yustynian, 672. [in Ukrainian]. 5. Volosko, Ya. (2014). Vzaiemodiia aktiv mizhnarodnykh orhanizatsii z natsionalnym pravom: zahalnoteoretychni aspekty [The Interaction of International and Domestic Law: General and Theoretical Aspects]. Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia mizhnarodni vidnosyny, 35, 101–106. [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Serhii Perepolkin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CIVIL LAW PROTECTION OF THE INTERESTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HOLDERS
The article is devoted to the study of civil law protection of the interests of intellectual property subjects, in particular to the analysis of the concept and legal nature of a legally protected interest within the system of civil law, as well as the forms and methods of its protection. A legally protected interest in the field of intellectual property constitutes an independent legal category that reflects the objectively determined need of a subject to preserve and realize intangible and property benefits associated with the results of creative activity. The paper examines the correlation between subjective rights and legitimate interests in the field of intellectual property and determines their significance for ensuring an adequate level of legal protection of the results of creative activity. The current civil legislation of Ukraine, judicial practice, and scholarly approaches to the problem of protecting the interests of subjects of copyright and related rights, as well as rights to objects of industrial property, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the application of civil law remedies, including compensation for damages, recovery of monetary compensation, cessation of infringements, and recognition of an interest as one that is subject to legal protection. The necessity of improving the regulatory framework for civil law protection of the interests of intellectual property subjects is substantiated, taking into account contemporary challenges of the digital environment and law enforcement practice. References 1. Sarana, S.V. (2007). Avtorske pravo ta pravova okhorona intelektualnoi vlasnosti v Ukraini i yii adaptatsiia do zakonodavstva Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu [Copyright and Legal Protection of Intellectual Property in Ukraine and Its Adaptation to the Legislation of the European Union]. Poltava. Retrieved from: https://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi- bin/irbis64r_81/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=VFEIR&P21DBN=VFEIR&Z21ID=&IMAGE_FILE _DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=DOC%2FREP0001222%2EPDF [in Ukrainian] 2. Bondarenko, O.O. (2023). Stan pravovoi okhorony i zakhystu prav na obiekty intelektualnoi vlasnosti v Ukraini pid chas viiny [The State of Legal Protection and Defense of Intellectual Property Rights in Ukraine During the War]. Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava, No. 2, pp. 134–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2023.28 [in Ukrainian] 3. Long, D., Ray, P., Zharov, V.O., Sheveleva, T.M., Vasylenko, I.E., & Drobiazko, V.S. (2007). Zakhyst prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti: normy mizhnarodnoho i natsionalnoho zakonodavstva ta yikh pravozastosuvannia [Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Norms of International and National Legislation and Their Enforcement]. Kyiv. Retrieved from: https://www.nsj.gov.ua/files/1378882678IPR%20Manual%20UKR.pdf [in Ukrainian] 4. Tsarenko, V.I. et al. (2017). Zapobihannia mytnym pravoporushenniam: okhorona i zakhyst prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti na mytnomu kordoni Ukrainy [Prevention of Customs Offenses: Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights at the Customs Border of Ukraine]. Khmelnytskyi. Retrieved from: https://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi- bin/irbis64r_81/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=VFEIR&P21DBN=VFEIR&Z21ID=&IMAGE_FILE _DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=DOC%2FREP0001222%2EPDF [in Ukrainian] 5. Strelnyk, V.V., Kalyta, A.V., & Tarasenko, A.Yu. (2023). Zakhyst prava intelektualnoi vlasnosti v suchasnykh umovakh [Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Modern Conditions]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu, Vol. 1, No. 79, pp. 249–253. DOI https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.42 [in Ukrainian] 6. Drapushko, R.H., Horinov, P.V., & Filyk, N.V. (2023). Shliakhy reformuvannia systemy okhorony intelektualnoi vlasnosti v umovakh voiennykh zahroz [Ways of Reforming the Intellectual Property Protection System in Conditions of Military Threats]. Irpinskyi yurydychnyi chasopys, No. 1(8), pp. 32–41. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.33244/2617-4154-1(8)-2022-32-41 [in Ukrainian] 7. Zhylinkova, O.V. (2007). Dohovory v sferi realizatsii mainovykh prav na muzychnyi tvir [Contracts in the Field of Realization of Property Rights to a Musical Work]. PhD dissertation. Kyiv. Retrieved from: https://www.twirpx.com/file/2252391/ [in Ukrainian] 8. Zhylinkova, O.V. (2006). Poniattia muzychnoho tvoru yak obiekta avtorskoho prava [The Concept of a Musical Work as an Object of Copyright]. Universytetski naukovi zapysky, No. 1, pp. 132–137. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Unzap_2006_1_23 [in Ukrainian] 9. Khodosh, A.V. (2023). Rezhym pravovoi okhorony kompiuternykh prohram: natsionalnyi ta mizhnarodnyi dosvid [Legal Protection Regime of Computer Programs: National and International Experience]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal, pp. 205–208. DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524- 0374/2023-3/46 [in Ukrainian] 10. Hetmanets, I.L. Okremi pytannia pravovoi okhorony kompiuternykh prohram yak obiekta prava intelektualnoi vlasnosti [Certain Issues of Legal Protection of Computer Programs as an Object of Intellectual Property Rights]. Retrieved from: https://dspace.onu.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/5290679b-b805- 471c-afb2-d8c5e1c44765/content [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivanna Babetska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADAPTATION OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATIONS TO EU REQUIREMENTS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state and prospects for adaptation to the EU acquis of the legal regulation of the formation and activities of agricultural producer associations in Ukraine in implementation of the Association Agreement. Based on the study of the provisions of Regulation (EU) No. 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on the common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No. 922/72, (EEC) No. 234/79, (EC) No. 1037/2001 and (EC) No. 1234/2007 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/232 of 15 December 2015 supplementing Regulation (EU) No. 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards certain aspects of producer cooperation, the specifics of the legal mechanism for the recognition of producer organisations, associations of producer organisations and interbranch organisations in agricultural sectors in the European Community have been identified. The article reveals that, in order to implement the Association Agreement, the draft law of Ukraine on associations of agricultural producers (registration number 8149) was adopted as a basis two years ago in accordance with the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine dated May 2, 2023, however, it contains a number of critical legal defects (excessive implementation of the provisions of Regulation No. 1308/2013 without taking into account the existing regulatory framework in Ukraine; significant discrepancies between the draft law of Ukraine on associations of agricultural producers and Regulation No. 1308/2013; significant legal defects in the terminological apparatus; the presence of corruption-prone factors; the absence of specifics of legal regulation of relations during martial law). The author justifies the need for significant revision of the draft law of Ukraine on associations of agricultural producers in terms of eliminating corruption-generating factors and harmonizing its provisions with national legislation and terminology, with Regulation (EU) No. 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/232. References 1. Document 52024SC0699 «Сommission Staff Working Document Ukraine 2024 Report Accompanying the Document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions 2024 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy» swd/2024/699 final. Retrieved from: https://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52024SC0699. [in English] 2. Yurchenko, E. (2023) Lobistski normy i dysbalans interesiv. Shcho ne tak iz zakonoproektom pro obiednannia silskohospodarskykh tovarovyrobnykiv? [Lobbying norms and imbalance of interests. What is wrong with the draft law on associations of agricultural producers?] Yurydychnyi visnyk. № 44-45. 1-15 lystopada. S. 8-9. Retrieved from: https://lexinform.com.ua/zakonodavstvo/lobistski-normy-i-dysbalans- interesiv-shho-ne-tak-iz-zakonoproektom-pro-ob-yednannya-silskogospodarskyh-tovarovyrobnykiv/ [in Ukrainian]. 3. Producer and interbranch organisations. Retrieved from: https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/agri-food-supply-chain/producer-and- interbranch-organisations_en. [in English] 4. Kulynych, P. F. (2015) Pravovi pytannia vdoskonalennia fermerskoho hospodarstva v konteksti rozvytku silskykh terytorii Ukrainy [Legal issues of improving farming in the context of the development of rural areas of Ukraine]. Pravova derzhava. Vyp. 26. S. 293-300 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Ivanov, O., Solohub, I. Obiednannia silskohospodarskykh tovarovyrobnykiv: implementatsiia norm YeS do ukrainskoho zakonodavstva [Association of Agricultural Producers: Implementation of EU Norms into Ukrainian Legislation]. Voks Ukraina. 2023. Retrieved from: https://voxukraine.org/ob-yednannya- silskogospodarskyh-tovarovyrobnykiv-implementatsiya-norm-yes-do-ukrayinskogo-zakonodavstva [in Ukrainian]. 6. Rishennia Komitetu Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy z pytan antykoruptsiinoi polityky shchodo ekspertnoho vysnovku zakonoproektu № 8149 [Decision of the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Anti-Corruption Policy on the Expert Opinion of Draft Law No. 8149]. Retrieved from: blob:https://itd.rada.gov.ua/220b5552-3454-48a2-a942-504c2e944f57 [in Ukrainian]. 7. V Ukraini buduiut «skhemu» ruchnoho upravlinnia obiednanniamy silskohospodarskykh tovarovyrobnykiv [In Ukraine a «scheme» of manual management of agricultural producer associations is being built]. Аgropolit, 2023. Retrieved from: https://agropolit.com/spetsproekty/1017-v-ukrayini- buduyut-shemu-ruchnogo-upravlinnya-obyednannyami-silskogospodarskih-tovarovirobnikiv [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Tetiana Kovalenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR INTERAGENCY COOPERATION IN POSTHUMOUS REPRODUCTION
The profound demographic crisis in Ukraine, exacerbated by the prolonged state of martial law, necessitates the development of innovative legal instruments for preserving the nation’s gene pool. Current national legislation (Laws No. 3496-IX of November 22, 2023 and No. 3573-IX of February 7, 2024) has established the foundational legal framework; however, a functional mechanism for its practical implementation is currently lacking. The primary challenge lies in the fragmentation of data regarding the storage of reproductive cells and the verification of posthumous consent, which complicates the realisation of reproductive rights for the defenders of Ukraine. The objective of this study is to substantiate a conceptual model for a State Register of Consents for Posthumous Reproduction based on the principles of institutional interoperability. The research aims to define the functional roles of public authorities in ensuring a seamless digital process for exercising reproductive rights. The research utilises a multidimensional methodological framework: the comparative-legal method for aligning national policy with the Interoperable Europe Act; the system-structural method for designing the interagency cooperation architecture; and the modeling method for simulating data exchange processes between the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Digital Transformation, and the Ministry of Justice. The study proposes an "interoperable ecosystem" model that replaces fragmented departmental databases with a unified digital node. It defines the specific competencies of the Ministry of Digital Transformation (infrastructure and QES verification), the Ministry of Health (bioethical oversight and ART monitoring), and the Ministry of Justice (legal validation of parentage). This model enables an automated, out-of-court procedure for determining the child’s origin under Article 123 of the Family Code of Ukraine. Institutional capacity in the digital age is determined by the quality of interagency synergy rather than isolated agency authority. The establishment of the proposed Register, aligned with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF), ensures legal certainty, reduces the burden on the judiciary, and serves as a strategic investment in Ukraine’s post-war demographic recovery. References 1. Ostrovska, B. V. (2025). Posmertna produktsiia dlia viiskovykh i tsyvilnykh: zasady i perspektyvy pravovoi reformy v umovakh viiny [Posthumous reproduction for military and civilians: Principles and prospects of legal reform in war conditions]. Nove Ukrainske Pravo [New Ukrainian Law], 4, 90-99. URL: https://doi.org/10.51989/NUL.2025.4.11 2. Opendatabot. (2024, January 15). Narodzhuvanist v Ukraini skorotylasia na tretynu za dva roky viiny [Birth rate in Ukraine decreased by a third in two years of war]. URL: https://opendatabot.ua/analytics/newborn-2023 3. Ostrovska, B. (2025). Posthumous reproduction for the military: practical opportunities during the war in Ukraine. Scientific and Informational Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi: Law Series, 19(31), 253-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33098/2078- 6670.2025.19.31.253-259 4. Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the virtual state: Information technology and institutional change. Brookings Institution Press. 5. Simana, S. (2018). Creating life after death: Should posthumous reproduction be legally permissible without the deceased's prior consent? Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 5(2), 329-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy017 6. Peristeras, V., Loutas, N., Goudos, S. K., & Tarabanis, K. A. (2009). Solving semantic interoperability conflicts in cross-border e-government services. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 5(1), 1-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jswis.2009010101
Copyright (c) 2026 Bohdana Ostrovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MARTIAL LAW AS A FACTOR IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF CIVIL LAW OBLIGATIONS
The article demonstrates that martial law is not only a temporary special legal regime but also a significant factor in transforming civil law obligations in Ukraine. In the context of large-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation, martial law encompasses a set of socio-legal phenomena that require rethinking traditional civil law institutions, particularly the concepts of force majeure and liability for non-performance of obligations. The primary impact of martial law on civil law obligations manifests in the specifics of applying the rules on irresistible force, which necessitates proving the occurrence and causal link between force majeure circumstances and the impossibility of fulfilling a particular obligation. Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of Ukraine emphasizes that force majeure does not automatically exempt a party from liability: the party invoking it must demonstrate that these circumstances caused non-performance or improper performance of the contract. The study also highlights the need for clearer legal mechanisms for confirming force majeure circumstances, taking into account the specifics of different contractual relations and economic sectors. Prospects for further research include analyzing evidence mechanisms, improving contractual clauses on force majeure, and studying the effectiveness of international and European experience in confirming and evaluating force majeure circumstances. Overall, the formation of a civil law doctrine under martial law depends not only on normative changes but also on coordinated judicial practice, doctrinal approaches, and contractual practices that reflect current realities and contribute to legal stability under extraordinary legal regimes. References 1. Rovinska, V. V. (2024). Pravovi naslidky nevykonannia ta nenalezhnoho vykonannia tsyvilno- pravovykh zobov’iazan v umovakh voiennoho stanu. [Legal consequences of non-performance and improper performance of civil law obligations under martial law. Bulletin of the Student Scientific Society of Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University,] 1(16), 70–73. [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://jvestnik- sss.donnu.edu.ua/article/view/15797/15699 2. Lukasevych-Krutnyk, I., & Krutnyk, R. (2025). [Criteria for the application of the principle of reasonableness in contractual obligations under martial law in Ukraine. Current Issues of Jurisprudence, (3), 110–116.] DOI:10.35774/app2025.03.110 3. Supreme Court. (2024). KTSS VS roz’iasnyv, za yakykh umov fors-mazhor vplyvaie na vykonannia dohovirnoho zobov’iazannia. [The Civil Cassation Court of the Supreme Court clarified the conditions under which force majeure affects the performance of a contractual obligation.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/news/1587607/ 4. Khmelnytskyi Court of Appeal. (2024). Postanova VS № 686/16312/22 vid 13 bereznia 2024 roku. [Supreme Court Resolution No. 686/16312/22 of March 13, 2024.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://kma.court.gov.ua/sud4820/gromadyanam/1/nedogovirni_zob 5. Supreme Court. (2024). Verkhovnyi Sud poiasnyv, koly fors-mazhor vplyvaie na vykonannia dohovirnoho zobov’iazannia. [The Supreme Court explained when force majeure affects the performance of a contractual obligation.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://biz.ligazakon.net/news/226980_verkhovniy- sud-poyasniv-koli-fors-mazhor-vpliva-na-vikonannya-dogovrnogo-zobovyazannya 6. Supreme Court of Ukraine. (2024). [SC Civil Cassation Court clarifies the conditions under which force majeure affects the performance of a contractual obligation.] URL: https://court.gov.ua/eng/supreme/pres-centr/news/1587607/ 7. Supreme Court. (2025). Rishennia sudovoi palaty vid 27.02.2025 u spravi № 520/2941/24. [Decision of the Judicial Chamber of February 27, 2025 in Case No. 520/2941/24.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pro_sud/rishennya_sud_palat/2025_02_27_520_2941_24 8. LIGA:ZAKON. (2024). Sudova praktyka shchodo fors-mazhoru ta vykonannia dohovirnykh zobov’iazan. [Judicial practice regarding force majeure and the performance of contractual obligations.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://jurliga.ligazakon.net/news/231729_sudova-praktika-shchodo-fors- mazhoru-ta-vikonannya-dogovrnikh-zobovyazan 9. Supreme Court. (2025). Daidzhest sudovoi praktyky Verkhovnoho Sudu shchodo zastosuvannia fors-mazhornykh obstavyn yak pidstavy dlia zvilnennia vid vidpovidalnosti za porushennia zobov’iazan. [Digest of the Supreme Court’s judicial practice on the application of force majeure circumstances as grounds for exemption from liability for breach of obligations (decisions entered into the Unified State Register of Court Decisions from 2018 to May 2025).] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://court.gov.ua/storage/portal/supreme/ogliady/Daigest_VS_fors_mazhor.pdf 10. Supreme Court. (2024). Zdiisnennia pravosuddia v umovakh viiny: suddi VS obhovoryly problemni pytannia na mizhnarodnomu sudovomu forumi. [Administration of justice under conditions of war: Supreme Court judges discussed problematic issues at an international judicial forum.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/news/1623912/ 11. Marits, D. O., Paziuk, M. V., & Uvarov, I. A. (2025). Problemy dovedennia fors-mazhornykh obstavyn u dohovirnykh zobovʼiazanniakh pid chas dii voiennoho stanu v Ukraini. [Problems of proving force majeure circumstances in contractual obligations during martial law in Ukraine. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence], 1(3). [in Ukrainian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24144/2788- 6018.2025.03.1.40 12. LIGA:ZAKON. (2025). Sudova praktyka shchodo fors-mazhoru ta vykonannia dohovirnykh zobov’iazan. [Judicial practice regarding force majeure and the performance of contractual obligations.] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://jurliga.ligazakon.net/analitycs/234524_sudova-praktika-shchodo-fors- mazhoru-ta-vikonannya-dogovrnikh-zobovyazan
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Pushka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal concepts as a means of integrating a lawyer's professional consciousness
The purpose of this article is to understand the role of fundamental theoretical concepts of law in the intersubjective pedagogical process of constructing personal models of legal reality in the minds of legal students. To solve individual research tasks, the following methods were used: theoretical and legal, logical, psychological, sociological (phenomenological and communicative). The main methodological principles of the theory of constructivism were also updated. The existence of various theoretical approaches to understanding the essence and methodological potential of legal concepts is stated. The phenomenological-communicative context of the theoretical understanding of legal concepts is characterized. The necessity of using legal concepts in conjunction with methodological tools aimed at activating and deepening the self-awareness of a student of higher legal education in the process of developing his professional culture is substantiated. The prospects of the constructivist approach to the development of a methodology of pedagogical interaction in the process of training lawyers in higher education are indicated. The significant importance of legal concepts as a means of processing mental experience in the process of constructing a personal picture of legal reality by applicants for higher legal education is substantiated. The prospects for applying the ideas of the theory of constructivism and autophenomenological and heterophenomenological methods of developing legal self-awareness in scientific research and pedagogical processes are determined. The results of the study can be used in the process of developing educational standards, programs and methodologies for training lawyers. References 1. Berger P. L., Luckmann T. The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY : Anchor Books. 1966. 240 p. [in English] 2. Hladkyi, S. (2023). Camokonstruiuvannia yak model formuvannia i rozvytku profesiinoi kultury yurysta [Self-construction as a model for the formation and development of a lawyer's professional culture]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Seriia Pravo. 75(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.1.3 [in Ukrainian] 3. Hladkyi, S. (2017). Autorefleksyvna model pravopiznannya: pedahohichni aspekty [Autotreflexive model of knowledge of law: pedagogical aspects]. Chasopys Kyyivskoho universytetu prava : Ukrayinskyy naukovo-teoretychnyy chasopys. 2, 20-24. [in Ukrainian] 4. Hanushchak, R. (2021). Zhyttievyi svit osobystosti: ontolohichnyi status ta metodolohichni pidkhody do doslidzhennia [The life world of the individual: ontological status and methodological approaches to research]. Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia psykholohichni nauky. 11. 48-55. https://doi.org/10.30970/PS.2021.11.7[ in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Serhii Hladkyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE STATE AND LAW IN THE FORMATION OF LEGAL CULTURE AND LEGAL EDUCATION: THEORETICAL-LEGAL DIMENSION
The article is devoted to a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the institutional role of the state and law in the formation of legal culture and legal education as critical factors in the socio-legal development of modern society. The paper thoroughly substantiates the scientific position that legal culture, by its very nature, cannot be reduced merely to the level of knowledge of legislation or the formal legal awareness of an individual. It constitutes a complex, multifaceted system that encompasses fundamental legal values, legal consciousness, genuine respect for the law, trust in state and legal institutions, as well as the ability of a person to consciously exercise their own rights, fulfill legal obligations, and act in strict accordance with the requirements of law and order. Particular attention is paid to understanding legal culture as an integral component of the general culture of society, which manifests itself across three interconnected levels: individual, group, and societal. At the individual level, it is revealed through lawful behavior and attitudes toward the law; at the level of social groups, through shared legal guidelines; and at the societal level, through the general state of legality, the quality of legislation, and the effectiveness of justice. The article systematically reveals the leading role of the state as the primary institutional subject in shaping legal culture and organizing legal life. It is emphasized that the state not only performs a law-making function by creating high-quality, stable, and internally consistent legal norms but also ensures their practical implementation. It organizes the proper functioning of public authorities, courts, and law enforcement agencies, implements balanced legal and informational policies, and guarantees the real protection of human rights and freedoms. At the same time, it is highlighted that the educational influence of the state is effective only provided that the principles of legality, justice, legal certainty, and respect for human dignity are actually embodied in the daily practice of its activities, rather than remaining exclusively at the level of theoretical declarations. Law is separately studied as a normative and value-based foundation of legal education. Law is considered not only as a system of universally binding rules of behavior but also as a carrier of axiological values: justice, freedom, equality, responsibility, humanism, and legal certainty, serving as a vital means of limiting the arbitrary power of authorities. It is noted that the holistic institutional mechanisms for the formation of legal culture encompass the education system, legal educational activities, judicial practice, the activities of government bodies, local self-government, civil society institutions, mass media, digital platforms, and a well-developed system of free legal aid. The article also focuses on the pressing problems of the formal nature of legal education (which often boils down to the mechanical transmission of information), the spread of legal nihilism as a reaction to institutional inefficiency, low trust in government bodies due to bureaucracy, the instability and excessive complexity of current legislation, the significant gap between proclaimed rights and the real possibilities for their protection due to the duration or cost of procedures, and the insufficient effectiveness of public communication between the state and citizens due to the use of complex and excessively formalized language. References 1. Rabinovych, P. M. (2008). Osnovy zahalnoi teorii prava ta derzhavy [Fundamentals of the general theory of law and state]: navch. posib. (10-te vyd., dopovn.). Lviv: Krai. [in Ukrainian]. 2. Skakun, O. F. (2012). Teoriia prava i derzhavy [Theory of law and state]: pidruchnyk. Kyiv: Alerta. [in Ukrainian]. 3. Danylian, O. H., & Dzoban, O. P. (2009). Pravova kultura i pravosvidomist v umovakh demokratychnoi transformatsii suspilstva [Legal culture and legal consciousness in the conditions of democratic transformation of society]: monohrafiia. Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]. 4. Herasina, L. M., et al. (2009). Pravosvidomist i pravova kultura yak bazovi chynnyky derzhavotvorchoho protsesu v Ukraini [Legal consciousness and legal culture as basic factors of the state- building process in Ukraine]: monohrafiia. Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]. 5. Koziubra, M. I. (2012). Verkhovenstvo prava i Ukraina [The rule of law and Ukraine]. Pravo Ukrainy, 1–2, 30–63. [in Ukrainian]. 6. Kryvytskyi, Yu. V. (2023). Vplyv pravovoi kultury na efektyvnist pravovoho rehuliuvannia v umovakh transformatsii suspilstva [The influence of legal culture on the effectiveness of legal regulation in the conditions of society transformation]. Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu prava, 3, 27–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2023.03 [in Ukrainian]. 7. Yakoviuk, I. V. (2017). Pravova kultura [Legal culture]. In Velyka ukrainska yurydychna entsyklopediia [Great Ukrainian legal encyclopedia]: u 20 t. (Vol. 3: Zahalna teoriia prava, pp. 483–486). Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]. 8. Tamanaha, B. Z. (2004). On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [in English]. 9. Fuller, L. L. (1969). The Morality of Law (Revised ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 262 p. [in English]. 10. Hart, H. L. A. (2012). The Concept of Law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [in English]. 11. Dworkin, R. (1986). Law’s Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [in English]. 12. Rawls, J. (1999). A Theory of Justice (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [in English]. 13. Raz, J. (1979). The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [in English]. 14. Waldron, J. (2011). The Rule of Law and the Importance of Procedure. Nomos, 50, 3–31. [in English]. 15. Friedman, L. M. (1975). The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. [in English].
Copyright (c) 2026 Roman Zvarych https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF WAR NARRATIVES AND TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL CULTURE
The article offers a theoretical and legal interpretation of the influence of war narratives and traumatic experience on the transformation of legal culture, with a particular focus on the contemporary Ukrainian experience and with selected historical analogies from world practice. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has changed not only the security and political environment, but also the very foundations of legal understanding, institutional trust, perceptions of justice, responsibility, dignity, memory, and statehood. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical and legal substantiation of the mechanisms through which war narratives and traumatic experience influence legal culture and to identify the main directions of its transformation in contemporary Ukraine. It is argued that war transforms legal culture not directly as an event, but through the ways in which it is socially interpreted, namely through war narratives that give normative meaning to loss, resistance, sacrifice, heroism, collaboration, responsibility, and justice. The study demonstrates that in the Ukrainian case such transformation is manifested in the change of the value core of legal culture, the strengthening of dignity, sovereignty, historical truth, national identity, and international legal responsibility. It is established that the traumatic experience of war increasingly acquires a legal form through the documentation of war crimes, the recording of damage, the legal protection of military personnel, veterans, prisoners of war, and missing persons, as well as through the reinterpretation of memory as an object of legal protection. The article shows that contemporary Ukrainian legal culture combines mobilisation with critical reflection, the strengthening of the security impulse with the simultaneous preservation of demands for accountability and the rule of law. Based on analogies with the experiences of Germany, Rwanda, South Africa, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is concluded that after mass violence law performs not only a punitive function but also memorial, educational, rehabilitative, and integrative ones. References 1. Frolova, N., & Silver, R. C. (2024). A sudden but prolonged collective trauma: The Ukrainian experience. PLOS Mental Health, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000056 [in English] 2. Petryshyn, O. V., Kahanovska, T. Ye., & Perederii, O. S. (2022). Transformatsiia v Ukraini pravovoi kultury suspilstva pid vplyvom protsesiv yevropeiskoi intehratsii [Transformation of the legal culture of society in Ukraine under the influence of European integration processes]. Visnyk Natsionalnoi akademii pravovykh nauk Ukrainy, 29(3), 89–107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31359/1993-0909-2022-29-3-89 [in Ukrainian] 3. Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441 [in English] 4. Cherkas, M. (2023). Osoblyvosti formuvannia pravosvidomosti v umovakh pravovoho rezhymu voiennoho stanu [Features of the formation of legal consciousness under the legal regime of martial law]. Pravo ta innovatsii, 1(41). https://doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2023-1(41)-15 [in Ukrainian] 5. Mandrahelia, V. A., Kolievatov, O. O., & Kruk, O. I. (2025). Analiz vplyvu hlobalnykh politychnykh doktryn na formuvannia suchasnoi ukrainskoi identychnosti [Analysis of the influence of global political doctrines on the formation of modern Ukrainian identity]. Ukrainskyi polityko-pravovyi dyskurs, 9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15016059 [in Ukrainian] 6. UNESCO. (2026). Ukraine: UNESCO gathers military, cultural, and justice personnel for the protection of cultural properties. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ukraine-unesco-gathers-military- cultural-and-justice-personnel-protection-cultural-properties [in English] 7. Dokumentuiemo voienni zlochyny Rosiiskoi Federatsii v Ukraini [Documenting war crimes of the Russian Federation in Ukraine]. (n.d.). https://warcrimes.gov.ua/ [in Ukrainian] 8. Register of Damage for Ukraine. (n.d.). https://www.rd4u.coe.int/en/ [in English] 9. Razumkov Centre. (2024). Assessing the situation in the country, trust in social institutions, politicians, public officials, and society figures, and belief in victory (September, 2024). https://razumkov.org.ua/en/research-areas/surveys/assessing-the-situation-in-the-country-trust-in- social-institutions-politicians-public-officials-and-society-figures-and-belief-in-victory-september-2024 [in English] 10. Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. (2024). Attitude of Ukrainians to criticism of the actions of the authorities during the period of the full-scale invasion. https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=1414&page=1 [in English] 11. Rating Group. (2024). The image of veterans in Ukrainian society: December 2024. https://www.ratinggroup.ua/en/news/the-image-of-veterans-in-ukrainian-society [in English] 12. Ministerstvo oborony Ukrainy. (2026). Ponad chvert miliona zakhysnykiv otrymaly status UBD u 2025 rotsi: Polovyna rishen ukhvaleno avtomatychno [More than a quarter of a million defenders received combatant status in 2025: Half of the decisions were made automatically]. https://mod.gov.ua/news/ponad-chvert-miljona-zahisnikiv-otrimali-status-ubd-u-2025-roczi-polovina- rishen-uhvaleno-avtomatichno [in Ukrainian] 13. Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. (2026). In 2025, the Ministry of Defence reinstated the rights of over 2,700 service members and their families. https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/in-2025-the-ministry-of- defence-reinstated-the-rights-of-over-2-700-service-members-and-their-families [in English] 14. Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. (2025). Attitude towards teaching Russian in Ukrainian- language schools. https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=1513&page=1 [in English] 15. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. (2012). Neuanfang staatlicher politischer Bildung: Die Bundeszentrale für Heimatdienst 1952–1963. https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/148220/neuanfang-staatlicher-politischer-bildung-die- bundeszentrale-fuer-heimatdienst-1952-1963/ [in German] 16. United Nations. (2024). Remember. Unite. Renew. https://www.un.org/en/exhibits/exhibit/rwanda-remember-unite-renew [in English] 17. Delivering justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An overview of war crimes processing from 2005 to 2010. (2016). Sarajevo. https://bih.osce.org/sites/default/files/f/documents/e/e/108103.pdf [in English]
Copyright (c) 2026 Liubomyr Ilyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN WESTERN UKRAINE 2015- 2020: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT
The article is devoted to the analysis of the administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine, covering the period from 2014 to 2020. Its primary focus lies on the legislative framework that regulated the reform's implementation, the socio-political prerequisites of this process, and the specific impact of the reform on the western regions of the country. The study emphasizes how decentralization of power (emerging as one of the key tools for modernizing the state governance system) contributed to strengthening democracy at the local level. Attention is drawn to the historical context in which the foundations of the reform were laid, highlighting the continuity of systemic changes complicated by political crises, military aggression, and public demands for the renewal of governance mechanisms. The research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the reform, including legislative, socio-political, and regional dimensions. Particular attention is given to the key legislative acts that served as the basis for the transformation of the country's administrative structure. The practical significance of these documents for strengthening local self-governance and their role in the process of adapting to European governance standards are explored in detail. The paper summarizes the main stages of the reform's implementation, starting with the adoption of conceptual documents in 2014 and culminating in the new administrative-territorial structure approved in 2020. Specifically, it analyzes key legislative acts, such as the Laws of Ukraine "On Voluntary Amalgamation of Territorial Communities" (2015), "On Local Elections" (2015), and the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the Formation and Liquidation of Districts" (2020). Particular emphasis is placed on the specific features of administrative changes in the western regions of the country and their impact on the socio-economic and political structure of these areas. Furthermore, the article provides the author's assessment of the reform's impact on the development of local self-governance. Special attention is given to strengthening the ties between government bodies and citizens as an essential factor in democratization. At the same time, the significance of the reform is outlined within the context of Ukraine's European integration course, which involves, to a certain extent, the adoption (and national adaptation) of the best European practices in the field of regional policy. References 1. Antoniuk, O. M. (2021). Istoryko-pravovi peredumovy zdiisnennia reformy detsentralizatsii publichnoi vlady v Ukraini [Historical and legal background to the implementation of public authority decentralization reform in Ukraine]. Informatsiia i pravo, 2(37), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.37750/2616- 6798.2021.2(37).238409 [in Ukrainian] 2. Vermenych, Ya. V. (2018). Fenomen pohranychchia: Krym i Donbas v doli Ukrainy [The borderland phenomenon: Crimea and Donbas in Ukraine's destiny]. Kyiv : Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian] 3. Kruhliak, D. M. (2020). Stanovlennia ta rozvytok instytutu mistsevoho samovriaduvannia v Ukraini (1990–2020 rr.): istorychnyi aspekt (Dysertatsiia doktora filosofii) [The formation and development of local self-government in Ukraine (1990–2020): historical perspective]. Kyiv : Kyivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Tarasa Shevchenka [in Ukrainian] 4. Kurilov, Yu. Yu. (2018). Rehionalizatsiia, detsentralizatsiia ta administratyvna reforma v Yevropi: teoretyko-metodolohichnyi aspekt [Regionalization, decentralization, and administrative reform in Europe: theoretical and methodological aspects]. Aspekty publichnoho upravlinnia, 6(11–12), 72–84 [in Ukrainian] 5. Manuilova, K., Motornyi, V., & Muzhailo, V. (2020). Traditsiia detsentralizatsii publichnoi vlady na ukrainskykh terenakh: retrospektyvnyi aspekt [The tradition of decentralization of public authority in Ukraine: a retrospective aspect]. Naukovі perspektyvy, 5(5), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.32689/2708- 7530-2020-5(5)- [in Ukrainian] 6. Pitsyk, M. V. (Ed.). (2014). Mistseve samovriaduvannia v Ukraini [Local self-government in Ukraine]. Kyiv : Asotsiatsiia mist Ukrainy [in Ukrainian] 7. Slobozhan, O. V. (Ed.). (2018). Mistseve samovriaduvannia v Ukraini [Local self-government in Ukraine]. Kyiv : Asotsiatsiia mist Ukrainy [in Ukrainian] 8. Slukhai, S. (2005). Transformatsii mizhuriadovykh vidnosyn v Ukraini [Трансформації міжурядових відносин в Україні]. Agora: naukovo-publicystychne vydannia, 2, 109–119 [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Oleksandr Lada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
The article is devoted to understanding the methodology of scientific research in the field of law enforcement as a system of principles, approaches, methods, and research procedures that ensure objective knowledge of law enforcement phenomena, the functioning of law enforcement agencies, and mechanisms for ensuring law and order. In this context, methodology is considered not only as a set of technical research tools, but as a holistic theoretical and cognitive construct that determines the logic of scientific research, methods of interpreting empirical data, and criteria for the scientific validity of conclusions. Its analysis in a general theoretical dimension allows us to reveal the nature and structure of scientific knowledge in the field of law enforcement, outline its place in the system of legal science, and determine its significance for improving law enforcement practices in the context of modern transformations. The issues of content and structure of research methodology in the law enforcement sphere are becoming particularly relevant in connection with the complication of the crime situation, the development of new forms of offenses, and the growing demands for the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. Scientific understanding of these processes requires the use of interdisciplinary approaches, a combination of general scientific and specialized legal methods, as well as critical analysis of law enforcement practice. It is the methodology that determines the researcher's tools: from the choice of the object and subject of research to the formulation of hypotheses, the selection of methods of analysis, and the generalization of results. It serves as a conceptual basis that allows avoiding superficiality, one-sidedness, and methodological errors in scientific conclusions. A properly structured research methodology ensures the systematicity, logical consistency, and evidential value of scientific results, which is of fundamental importance for the formation of sound recommendations for improving law enforcement activities. It contributes to raising the level of scientific reflection on the practice of applying legal norms, allows for assessing the effectiveness of legal mechanisms for combating offences, and also for adapting national approaches to international standards in the field of security and human rights protection. The methodology of scientific research in law enforcement cannot be viewed merely as a set of formalized procedures, techniques, or standard methods of scientific inquiry. In fact, it serves as the fundamental basis for the formation and development of legal science in the field of law enforcement, determining the logic, tools, and direction of the research process. It is thanks to a properly formed methodological basis that scientific research acquires systematicity, scientific validity, and internal consistency. The methodology provides an opportunity for in-depth and comprehensive understanding of complex legal phenomena arising in the sphere of law enforcement, crime prevention, and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. It contributes to the formation of reliable scientific conclusions based not only on empirical observations, but also on the comprehensive use of general scientific, special legal, and interdisciplinary research methods. Thanks to this, scientific knowledge in the field of law enforcement becomes more profound, systematic, and capable of explaining the patterns of functioning of legal institutions and law enforcement mechanisms. At the same time, scientific research methodology performs an important practical function. It creates an intellectual basis for developing effective recommendations for improving the activities of law enforcement agencies and optimizing mechanisms for ensuring legality, law and order, and public safety. Scientifically sound research results allow for the formation of theoretically balanced and practically significant decisions that can be used in rule-making, law enforcement management, and law enforcement practice. In today's world, where law enforcement systems face new threats – such as the rise of transnational crime, cybercrime, and information warfare, as well as challenges related to martial law and security transformations within the state – the importance of scientific research methodology is growing significantly. It is precisely the methodological sophistication of research that enables legal science to respond quickly to these challenges and propose adequate theoretical models and practical mechanisms for overcoming them. Thus, the methodology of scientific research in law enforcement appears as a key factor in the development of legal science and improving the effectiveness of law enforcement practice. It not only determines the quality of scientific knowledge, but also shapes the intellectual potential of the law enforcement system, contributing to its ability to ensure an adequate level of law and order, protection of human rights, and stability of the state's legal system. References 1. Zhuravel, V. A. (2015) Okremi metodyky v systemi kryminalistychnykh znan' [Individual techniques in the system of forensic knowledge]. Naukovyj visnyk L'vivs'koi komertsijnoi akademii. Seriia «Yurydychna», 1, 358-366 [in Ukrainian] 2. Serdiuk, I. A. (2018) Interpretatsiia poniattia «metodolohichnyj pidkhid» u suchasnij pravnychij nautsi [Interpretation of the concept of «methodological approach» in modern legal science]. Naukovyj visnyk Dnipropetrovs'koho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav, 4, 52-58 [in Ukrainian] 3. Sybirna, R. I., Sybirnyj A. V., Khomiv O. V. (2017) Mistse sudovoi ekspertyzy u hospodars'komu protsesi [The place of forensic examination in commercial proceedings]. Naukovyj visnyk NU «L'vivs'ka politekhnika». Seriia iurydychni nauky, 865, 502-506 [in Ukrainian] 4. Khomiv, O. V. (2015) Osoblyvosti provedennia naukovo-ekonomichnykh doslidzhen' [Features of conducting scientific and economic research]. Efektyvna ekonomika, 5. Elektronne fakhove vydannia. URL: http://www.economy.nayka.com [in Ukrainian] 6. Schur, B. V. (2011) Funktsii okremykh kryminalistychnykh metodyk [Functions of individual forensic techniques]. Naukovyj visnyk Chernivets'koho universytetu. Seriia «Pravoznavstvo», 578, 231- 242 [in Ukrainian]
Copyright (c) 2026 Roman Lutskyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AS AN INSTITUTIONAL BRIDGE BETWEEN THE STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY
The article examines local self-government as a specific institutional mechanism that ensures interaction between the state, the territorial community, and civil society institutions. It is argued that local self-government cannot be understood merely as a lower level of public administration or an auxiliary component of state governance. Its legal and social nature combines public authority, democratic representation, municipal autonomy, and civic participation. The study focuses on the constitutional foundations of local self-government, the European Charter of Local Self-Government, and the Law of Ukraine “On Local Self-Government in Ukraine”, which together form the normative basis for municipal autonomy, subsidiarity, and public participation in local affairs. The article demonstrates that local self-government performs the function of an institutional bridge between the state and civil society by bringing public authority closer to the individual, legitimizing public decisions, involving residents in local policy-making, and coordinating the activities of non-governmental organizations, professional associations, initiative groups, bodies of self-organization of the population, and other local actors. Special attention is paid to the decentralization reform in Ukraine, which strengthened the capacity of territorial communities, expanded their financial and organizational basis, and made the issue of accountability of local authorities to the community especially relevant. It is proved that under wartime conditions local self-government acquires additional significance as an instrument of social resilience, civic self-organization, humanitarian cooperation, and public trust. The article concludes that effective local self-government is not a peripheral but a fundamental element of a democratic rule-of-law state, since it is at the local level that citizens most often encounter public authority and assess its fairness, openness, and ability to respond to social needs. References 1. Batanov, O. V., Kravchenko, V. V., & Prykhodko, Kh. V. (2014). Partycypatyvna demokratiia v systemi mistsevoho samovriaduvannia: problemy zakonodavchoho rehuliuvannia [Participatory democracy in the system of local self-government: Problems of legislative regulation]. Aspekty publichnoho upravlinnia [Aspects of Public Administration], (9–10), 12–28 [in Ukrainian]. 2. Batanov, O. V., & Smetana, V. V. (2021). Konstytutsiino-pravove zabezpechennia pravozakhysnoi diialnosti u sferi mistsevoho samovriaduvannia: dosvid komparatyvnoho analizu [Constitutional and legal support of human rights activities in the field of local self-government: Experience of comparative analysis]. Odesa. Vydavnychyi dim “Helvetyka” [in Ukrainian]. 3. Kovalchuk, Ya. H., & Labenska, L. L. (2024). Implementatsiia Yevropeiskoi khartii mistsevoho samovriaduvannia v umovakh yevrointehratsii Ukrainy [Implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in the context of Ukraine’s European integration]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal [Legal Scientific Electronic Journal], (4), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024- 4/15 [in Ukrainian]. 4. Steshenko, T. V., & Zozulia, A. S. (2024). Mistseve samovriaduvannia ta reforma detsentralizatsii pid chas voiennoho stanu [Local self-government and decentralization reform during martial law]. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal [Legal Scientific Electronic Journal], (3), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-3/22 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Shturkhetskyi, S. V. (2011). Komunikatyvnyi potentsial mistsevoho samovriaduvannia v Ukraini [Communicative potential of local self-government in Ukraine]. Rivne. TOV “Ovid” [in Ukrainian].
Copyright (c) 2026 Alla Stechyshyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0